LIFE OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS

Chapter 1. Family, education and early manhood
Chapter 2. Jewish revolt against Rome begins
Chapter 3. Factions among the Galilean rebels
Chapter 4. Josephus as defender of Galilee
Chapter 5. Risks he took for the sake of justice
Chapter 6. His intentions are misunderstood
Chapter 7. Josephus forestalls his enemies
Chapter 8. His strong leadership, in Galilee
Chapter 9. Various plots to depose him
Chapter 10. He gives his opponents an amnesty
Chapter 11. Tries to spare Sepphoris and Tiberias
Chapter 12. At Sepphoris he fights the Romans
Chapter 13. Taken prisoner and brought to Rome

Chapter 1. Family, education and early manhood of Josephus
1-16

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^[1] Ἐμοὶ δὲ γένος ἐστὶν οὐκ ἄσημον , ἀλλ’ ἐξ ἱερέων ἄνωθεν καταβεβηκός . Ὥσπερ δ’ ἡ παρ’ ἑκάστοις ἄλλη τίς ἐστιν εὐγενείας ὑπόθεσις , οὕτως παρ’ ἡμῖν ἡ τῆς ἱερωσύνης μετουσία τεκμήριόν ἐστιν γένους λαμπρότητος .	¹ The family from which I come is not ignoble, but is descended from priests away back, and as rank is reckoned differently among different peoples, among us the priestly rank is what makes a family illustrious.
^[2] Ἐμοὶ δ’ οὐ μόνον ἐξ ἱερέων ἐστὶν τὸ γένος , ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκ τῆς πρώτης ἐφημερίδος τῶν εἰκοσιτεσσάρων , πολλὴ δὲ κἀν τούτῳ διαφορά , καὶ τῶν ἐν ταύτῃ δὲ φυλῶν ἐκ τῆς ἀρίστης . Ὑπάρχω δὲ καὶ τοῦ βασιλικοῦ γένους ἀπὸ τῆς μητρός · οἱ γὰρ Ἀσαμωναίου παῖδες , ὧν ἔγγονος ἐκείνη , τοῦ ἔθνους ἡμῶν ἐπὶ μήκιστον χρόνον ἠρχιεράτευσαν καὶ ἐβασίλευσαν .	² Not alone am I of a priestly clan but from the first of the twenty-four priestly ranks; and as there is considerable difference between the ranks, I come from the best family of them. I am of royal blood on my mother's side as the children of Hasmoneus, from whom her family springs, for a long time held both the office of high priest and king.
^[3] Ἐρῶ δὲ τὴν διαδοχήν · ὁ πρόπαππος ἡμῶν Σίμων ὁ Ψελλὸς ἐπικαλούμενος . Οὗτος ἐγένετο καθ’ ὃν καιρὸν ἠρχιεράτευσεν Σίμωνος ἀρχιερέως ὁ παῖς , ὃς πρῶτος ἀρχιερέων Ὑρκανὸς ὠνομάσθη .	³ Let me list my ancestors. My grandfather's father was named Simon, nicknamed "the Stammerer" and he lived at the time of the son of Simon, who was first high priest to be called Hyrcanus.
^[4] Γίνονται δὲ τῷ Ψελλῷ Σίμωνι παῖδες ἐννέα · τούτων ἐστὶν Ματθίας ὁ Ἠφαίου λεγόμενος · οὗτος ἠγάγετο πρὸς γάμον θυγατέρα Ἰωνάθου ἀρχιερέως τοῦ πρώτου ἐκ τῶν Ἀσαμωναίου παίδων γένους ἀρχιερατεύσαντος τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ Σίμωνος τἀρχιερέως , καὶ γίνεται παῖς αὐτῷ Ματθίας ὁ Κυρτὸς ἐπικληθεὶς ἄρχοντος Ὑρκανοῦ τὸν πρῶτον ἐνιαυτόν .	⁴ This Simon "the Stammerer" had nine sons, one of whom was Matthias (known as Ephaeus) who married the daughter of the high priest Jonathan, the first of the sons of Hasmoneus to be high priest; and Simon's brother also became high priest. He had a son called Matthias Curtus, in the first year of the reign of Hyrcanus.
^[5] Τούτου γίνεται Ἰώσηπος ἐνάτῳ ἔτει τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρας ἀρχῆς , καὶ Ἰωσήπου Ματθίας βασιλεύοντος Ἀρχελάου τὸ δέκατον , Ματθία δὲ ἐγὼ τῷ πρώτῳ τῆς Γαΐου Καίσαρος ἡγεμονίας . Ἐμοὶ δὲ παῖδές εἰσιν τρεῖς , Ὑρκανὸς μὲν ὁ πρεσβύτατος ἔτει τετάρτῳ τῆς Οὐεσπασιανοῦ Καίσαρος ἡγεμονίας , ἑβδόμῳ δὲ Ἰοῦστος , ἐνάτῳ δὲ Ἀγρίππας .	⁵ His son's name was Joseph, born in the ninth year of the reign of Alexandra . His son Matthias was born in the tenth year of the reign of Archelaus, and to this Matthias I was born in the first regnal year of Gaius Caesar . I have three sons : Hyrcanus, the eldest, born in the fourth, Justus born in the seventh and Agrippa in the ninth year of the reign of Vespasian .
^[6] Τὴν μὲν τοῦ γένους ἡμῶν διαδοχήν , ὡς ἐν ταῖς δημοσίαις δέλτοις ἀναγεγραμμένην εὗρον , οὕτως παρατίθεμαι τοῖς διαβάλλειν ἡμᾶς πειρωμένοις χαίρειν φράσας .	⁶ So have I set down the genealogy of our family as I have found it described in the public records, to put an end to any would-be detractors.
^[7] Ὁ πατὴρ δέ μου Ματθίας οὐ διὰ μόνην τὴν εὐγένειαν ἐπίσημος ἦν , ἀλλὰ πλέον διὰ τὴν δικαιοσύνην ἐπῃνεῖτο , γνωριμώτατος ὢν ἐν τῇ μεγίστῃ Βηθήλῃ τῶν παρ’ ἡμῖν τοῖς Ἱεροσολυμίταις .	⁷ Distinguished by his noble lineage, my father Matthias was further esteemed for his righteousness and was a person of note in Jerusalem, our greatest city.
^[8] Ἐγὼ δὲ συμπαιδευόμενος ἀδελφῷ Ματθίᾳ τοὔνομα , γεγόνει γάρ μοι γνήσιος ἐξ ἀμφοῖν τῶν γονέων , εἰς μεγάλην παιδείας προύκοπτον ἐπίδοσιν μνήμῃ τε καὶ συνέσει δοκῶν διαφέρειν ,	⁸ I was reared with Matthias, my legitimate brother by both parents and made great progress in my education, seeming to have an outstanding memory and intelligence.
^[9] ἔτι δ’ ἀντίπαις ὢν περὶ τεσσαρεσκαιδέκατον ἔτος διὰ τὸ φιλογράμματον ὑπὸ πάντων ἐπῃνούμην συνιόντων ἀεὶ τῶν ἀρχιερέων καὶ τῶν τῆς πόλεως πρώτων ὑπὲρ τοῦ παρ’ ἐμοῦ περὶ τῶν νομίμων ἀκριβέστερόν τι γνῶναι .	⁹ While still a young lad of fourteen years, I was commended by all for my love of letters, and the high priests and leading men of the city often asked for my opinion about particular points of the law.
^[10] Περὶ δὲ ἑκκαίδεκα ἔτη γενόμενος ἐβουλήθην τῶν παρ’ ἡμῖν αἱρέσεων ἐμπειρίαν λαβεῖν · τρεῖς δ’ εἰσὶν αὗται , Φαρισαίων μὲν ἡ πρώτη , καὶ Σαδδουκαίων ἡ δευτέρα , τρίτη δ’ Ἐσσηνῶν , καθὼς πολλάκις εἴπομεν · οὕτως γὰρ ᾤμην αἱρήσεσθαι τὴν ἀρίστην , εἰ πάσας καταμάθοιμι .	¹⁰ When I was about sixteen years old, I wished to gain experience of the several sects that were among us. These are three, of which the first is that of the Pharisees, the second that of the Sadducees and the third that of the Essenes, as we have mentioned several times. My idea was that only if I were acquainted with them all could I choose the best.
^[11] Σκληραγωγήσας οὖν ἐμαυτὸν καὶ πολλὰ πονηθεὶς τὰς τρεῖς διῆλθον , καὶ μηδὲ τὴν ἐντεῦθεν ἐμπειρίαν ἱκανὴν ἐμαυτῷ νομίσας εἶναι πυθόμενός τινα Βάννουν ὄνομα κατὰ τὴν ἐρημίαν διατρίβειν , ἐσθῆτι μὲν ἀπὸ δένδρων χρώμενον , τροφὴν δὲ τὴν αὐτομάτως φυομένην προσφερόμενον , ψυχρῷ δὲ ὕδατι τὴν ἡμέραν καὶ τὴν νύκτα πολλάκις λουόμενον πρὸς ἁγνείαν , ζηλωτὴς ἐγενόμην αὐτοῦ‎ .	¹¹ So I went through hard training and difficult exercises in all three . Not content with such experience, when I heard of a man named Banus who lived in the desert and used as clothing only what grew on trees and ate no other food than what grew of its own accord, and bathed often in cold water, night and day, for chastity's sake, I imitated him in those things and stayed three years with him .
^[12] Καὶ διατρίψας παρ’ αὐτῷ ἐνιαυτοὺς τρεῖς καὶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν τελειώσας εἰς τὴν πόλιν ὑπέστρεφον . Ἐννεακαιδέκατον δ’ ἔτος ἔχων ἠρξάμην τε πολιτεύεσθαι τῇ Φαρισαίων αἱρέσει κατακολουθῶν , ἣ παραπλήσιός ἐστι τῇ παρ’ Ἕλλησιν Στωϊκῇ λεγομένῃ .	¹² When I had achieved my purpose, at the age of nineteen I returned to the city and began to live according to the rules of the Pharisees, a sect like what the Greeks call the Stoics
^[13] Μετ’ εἰκοστὸν δὲ καὶ ἕκτον ἐνιαυτὸν εἰς Ῥώμην μοι συνέπεσεν ἀναβῆναι διὰ τὴν λεχθησομένην αἰτίαν · καθ’ ὃν χρόνον Φῆλιξ τῆς Ἰουδαίας ἐπετρόπευεν ἱερεῖς τινας συνήθεις ἐμοὶ καλοὺς κἀγαθοὺς διὰ μικρὰν καὶ τὴν τυχοῦσαν αἰτίαν δήσας εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην ἔπεμψε λόγον ὑφέξοντας τῷ Καίσαρι .	¹³ Then when I was in my twenty-sixth year I made a voyage to Rome, for reasons I shall presently describe. When Felix was procurator of Judea, on a small and trifling charge he chained up some excellent priests known to me, and sent them to Rome to plead their case before Caesar.
^[14] Οἷς ἐγὼ πόρον εὑρέσθαι βουλόμενος σωτηρίας , μάλιστα δὲ πυθόμενος ὅτι καίπερ ἐν κακοῖς ὄντες οὐκ ἐπελάθοντο τῆς εἰς τὸ θεῖον εὐσεβείας , διατρέφοιντο δὲ σύκοις καὶ καρύοις , ἀφικόμην εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην πολλὰ κινδυνεύσας κατὰ θάλασσαν .	¹⁴ Wanting to save these men, especially as I was told that even in their plight they did not abandon piety toward God but ate only figs and nuts, I went to Rome, though the voyage proved a very dangerous one.
^[15] Βαπτισθέντος γὰρ ἡμῶν τοῦ πλοίου κατὰ μέσον τὸν Ἀδρίαν περὶ ἑξακοσίους τὸν ἀριθμὸν ὄντες δι’ ὅλης τῆς νυκτὸς ἐνηξάμεθα , καὶ περὶ ἀρχομένην ἡμέραν ἐπιφανέντος ἡμῖν κατὰ θεοῦ πρόνοιαν Κυρηναϊκοῦ πλοίου φθάσαντες τοὺς ἄλλους ἐγώ τε καί τινες ἕτεροι περὶ ὀγδοήκοντα σύμπαντες ἀνελήφθημεν εἰς τὸ πλοῖον .	¹⁵ For our ship sank in the Adriatic Sea, and we the passengers, about six hundred of us, had to swim for our lives all night. Then at first light we saw a ship from Cyrene. By the providence of God, I and some eighty others got there ahead of the rest and were taken into the ship.
^[16] Διασωθεὶς δ’ εἰς τὴν Δικαιάρχειαν , ἣν Ποτιόλους Ἰταλοὶ καλοῦσιν , διὰ φιλίας ἀφικόμην Ἁλιτύρῳ , μιμολόγος δ’ ἦν οὗτος μάλιστα τῷ Νέρωνι καταθύμιος Ἰουδαῖος τὸ γένος , καὶ δι’ αὐτοῦ‎ Ποππαίᾳ τῇ τοῦ Καίσαρος γυναικὶ γνωσθεὶς προνοῶ ὡς τάχιστα παρακαλέσας αὐτὴν τοὺς ἱερεῖς λυθῆναι . Μεγάλων δὲ δωρεῶν πρὸς τῇ εὐεργεσίᾳ ταύτῃ τυχὼν παρὰ τῆς Ποππαίας ὑπέστρεφον ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκείαν .	¹⁶ When I had so escaped and had arrived at Dicaearchia, which the Italians call Puteoli, I got to know Aliturus, an actor much beloved by Nero and by birth a Jew. Through him I was introduced to Caesar's wife Poppea, and made it my business as soon as possible to ask her to intercede for the priests to be set free. After receiving this favour and many gifts from Poppea, I returned home.

Chapter 2 Beginnings of the Jewish revolt against Rome
17-42

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^[17] Καταλαμβάνω δ’ ἤδη νεωτερισμῶν ἀρχὰς καὶ πολλοὺς ἐπὶ τῇ Ῥωμαίων ἀποστάσει μέγα φρονοῦντας . Καταστέλλειν οὖν ἐπειρώμην τοὺς στασιώδεις καὶ μετανοεῖν ἔπειθον ποιησαμένους πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν πρὸς οὓς πολεμήσουσιν , ὅτι Ῥωμαίων οὐ κατ’ ἐμπειρίαν μόνον πολεμικήν , ἀλλὰ καὶ κατ’ εὐτυχίαν ἐλαττοῦνται ·	¹⁷ There I noticed the beginnings of revolt and how many were eager for revolt from the Romans. I tried to get these agitators to change their minds, pointing out who it was that they wished to fight and that they fell short of the Romans not only in martial skill, but also in good fortune.
^[18] καὶ μὴ προπετῶς καὶ παντάπασιν ἀνοήτως πατρίσι καὶ γενεαῖς καὶ σφίσιν αὐτοῖς τὸν περὶ τῶν ἐσχάτων κακῶν κίνδυνον ἐπάγειν .	¹⁸ I urged them not to rashly and foolishly bring the most terrible misfortune upon their country, their families and themselves.
^[19] Ταῦτα δ’ ἔλεγον καὶ λιπαρῶς ἐνεκείμην ἀποτρέπων , δυστυχέστατον ἡμῖν τοῦ πολέμου τὸ τέλος γενήσεσθαι προορώμενος . Οὐ μὴν ἔπεισα · πολὺ γὰρ ἡ τῶν ἀπονοηθέντων ἐπεκράτησεν μανία .	¹⁹ This I said earnestly and often, foreseeing that such a war would be dreadful for us in the end. But I failed, for the madness of these desperate men was much too strong for me.
^[20] Δείσας οὖν , μὴ ταῦτα συνεχῶς λέγων διὰ μίσους ἀφικοίμην καὶ ὑποψίας ὡς τὰ τῶν πολεμίων φρονῶν καὶ κινδυνεύσω ληφθεὶς ὑπ’ αὐτῶν ἀναιρεθῆναι , ἐχομένης ἤδη τῆς Ἀντωνίας , ὅπερ ἦν φρούριον , εἰς τὸ ἐνδοτέρω ἱερὸν ὑπεχώρησα .	²⁰ I was afraid that by often saying such things I would be hated and suspected of being on our enemies' side and risk being taken and killed by them, as they already held the Antonia citadel ; so I retreated to inside the temple.
^[21] μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἀναίρεσιν Μαναήμου καὶ τῶν πρώτων τοῦ λῃστρικοῦ στίφους ὑπεξελθὼν τοῦ ἱεροῦ πάλιν τοῖς ἀρχιερεῦσιν καὶ τοῖς πρώτοις τῶν Φαρισαίων συνδιέτριβον .	²¹ After Manahem and the leaders of the gang of brigands were put to death, I came out of the temple and then I lived among the high priests and the chief of the Pharisees.
^[22] Φόβος δ’ οὔτι μέτριος εἶχεν ἡμᾶς ὁρῶντας τὸν μὲν δῆμον ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις , αὐτοὶ δ’ ὄντες ἐν ἀπόρῳ , τί ποιήσομεν , καὶ τοὺς νεωτεριστὰς παύειν οὐ δυνάμενοι , προδήλου δ’ ἡμῖν τοῦ κινδύνου παρεστῶτος , συγκατανεύειν μὲν αὐτῶν ταῖς γνώμαις ἐλέγομεν , συνεβουλεύομεν δὲ μένειν ἐφ’ αὑτῶν , καὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ἐπελθόντας ἐᾶν , ἵνα τοῦ δικαίως ἀνταίρειν ὅπλα πίστιν εὕρωνται .	²² We were very afraid when we saw the people in arms, unsure of what to do and unable to restrain the rebellious. But as the danger was very obvious, we pretended to be of the same mind as they, advising them to keep the peace until the enemy came, and to take arms only in self-defence.
^[23] Ταῦτα δ’ ἐπράττομεν ἐλπίζοντες οὐκ εἰς μακρὰν Κέστιον μετὰ μεγάλης δυνάμεως ἀναβάντα παύσειν τὸν νεωτερισμόν .	²³ We did this, hoping that it would not be long before Cestius came with a large force to put an end to this revolt.
^[24] Ὁ δ’ ἐπελθὼν καὶ συμβαλὼν μάχῃ ἐνικήθη πολλῶν τῶν μετ’ αὐτοῦ‎ πεσόντων . Καὶ γίνεται τὸ Κεστίου πταῖσμα συμφορὰ τοῦ σύμπαντος ἡμῶν ἔθνους · ἐπήρθησαν γὰρ ἐπὶ τούτῳ μᾶλλον οἱ τὸν πόλεμον ἀγαπήσαντες καὶ νικήσαντες τοὺς Ῥωμαίους εἰς τέλος ἤλπισαν προσγενομένης καὶ ἑτέρας τινὸς τοιαύτης αἰτίας ·	²⁴ But when he came and fought, he was defeated and many of his men died. The debacle of Cestius proved the disaster of our whole nation, for those who had a love of warfare were so exalted by this success that they were hopeful of finally conquering the Romans. Another cause of the war was this :
^[25] οἱ τὰς πέριξ τῆς Συρίας πόλεις κατοικοῦντες τοὺς παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς Ἰουδαίους συλλαμβάνοντες σὺν γυναιξὶ καὶ τέκνοις ἀνῄρουν οὐδεμίαν αὐτοῖς αἰτίαν ἐπικαλεῖν ἔχοντες · οὔτε γὰρ ἐπὶ Ῥωμαίων ἀποστάσει νεώτερόν τι πεφρονήκεσαν οὔτε πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐκείνους ἐχθρὸν ἢ ἐπίβουλον .	²⁵ Those who lived in the nearby cities of Syria seized and killed the Jews living among them, with their wives and children, without the least grievance against them; for they neither attempted any revolt from the Romans, nor gave them any signs of hatred or treachery.
^[26] Σκυθοπολῖται δὲ πάντων ἀσεβέστατα καὶ παρανομώτατα διεπράξαντο · ἐπελθόντων γὰρ αὐτοῖς Ἰουδαίων ἔξωθεν πολεμίων τοὺς παρ’ αὐτοῖς Ἰουδαίους ἐβιάσαντο κατὰ τῶν ὁμοφύλων ὅπλα λαβεῖν , ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἡμῖν ἀθέμιτον , καὶ μετ’ ἐκείνων συμβαλόντες ἐκράτησαν τῶν ἐπελθόντων · ἐπειδὴ δ’ ἐνίκησαν , ἐκλαθόμενοι τῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἐνοίκους καὶ συμμάχους πίστεως πάντας αὐτοὺς διεχρήσαντο πολλὰς μυριάδας ὄντας .	²⁶ But the people of Scythopolis did the most heinous crime of all; for when attacked from outside by their Jewish enemies, they forced the Jews in their midst to turn their weapons on their own people, which it is unlawful for us to do; and when, with their help, they had fought and defeated their attackers, after the victory they forgot their assurances to these fellow citizens and allies and killed them all, many thousands of them.
^[27] Ὅμοια δ’ ἔπαθον καὶ οἱ Δαμασκὸν Ἰουδαῖοι κατοικοῦντες . Ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων ἀκριβέστερον ἐν ταῖς περὶ τοῦ Ἰουδαϊκοῦ πολέμου βίβλοις δεδηλώκαμεν · νῦν δ’ αὐτῶν ἐπεμνήσθην βουλόμενος παραστῆσαι τοῖς ἀναγινώσκουσιν , ὅτι οὐ προαίρεσις ἐγένετο τοῦ πολέμου πρὸς Ῥωμαίους Ἰουδαίοις , ἀλλὰ τὸ πλέον ἀνάγκη .	²⁷ The Jews who lived in Damascus met a similar fate. But we have given a more detailed account of these things in the books on the Jewish War. I only mention them now to show my readers that the war of the Jews with the Romans did not arise so much from voluntary choice as from necessity.
^[28] Νικηθέντος οὖν , ὡς ἔφαμεν , τοῦ Κεστίου , τῶν Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν οἱ πρῶτοι θεασάμενοι τοὺς μὲν λῃστὰς ἅμα τοῖς νεωτερισταῖς εὐπορουμένους ὅπλων , δείσαντες δ’ αὐτοὶ μὴ ἄνοπλοι καθεστηκότες ὑποχείριοι γένωνται τοῖς ἐχθροῖς , ὃ καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα συνέβη , καὶ πυθόμενοι τὴν Γαλιλαίαν οὔπω πᾶσαν Ῥωμαίων ἀφεστάναι , μέρος δ’ αὐτῆς ἠρεμεῖν ἔτι ,	²⁸ When Cestius had been defeated, as already said, since the brigands and rebels had plenty of weapons the notables of Jerusalem feared that they, being unarmed, would be at the mercy of their enemies, as was later the case.
^[29] πέμπουσιν ἐμὲ καὶ δύο ἄλλους τῶν ἱερέων καλοὺς κἀγαθοὺς ἄνδρας , Ἰώζαρον καὶ Ἰούδαν , πείσοντας τοὺς πονηροὺς καταθέσθαι τὰ ὅπλα καὶ διδάξοντας , ὡς ἔστιν ἄμεινον τοῖς κρατίστοις τοῦ ἔθνους αὐτὰ τηρεῖσθαι . Ἔγνωστο δὲ τούτοις ἀεὶ μὲν ἔχειν τὰ ὅπλα πρὸς τὸ μέλλον ἕτοιμα , περιμένειν δέ , τί πράξουσιν Ῥωμαῖοι , μαθεῖν .	²⁹ they sent me and two others of the priests, Joazar and Judas - good and virtuous men, to persuade the hotheads there to disarm, for it would be better to reserve those weapons for the bravest of the nation, as they felt that these should always have weapons ready for future needs, while waiting to see what the Romans would do.
^[30] Λαβὼν οὖν ἐγὼ τὰς ὑποθήκας ταύτας ἀφικόμην εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν . Καὶ Σεπφωρίτας μὲν οὐκ ἐν ὀλίγῳ περὶ τῆς πατρίδος ἀγῶνι καθεστῶτας εὗρον , διαρπάσαι κεκρικότων αὐτὴν τῶν Γαλιλαίων διὰ τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐκείνων φιλίαν καὶ ὅτι Κεστίῳ Γάλλῳ τῷ τῆς Συρίας ἡγεμονεύοντι δεξιάν τε καὶ πίστιν προτείνειαν .	³⁰ On receiving these instructions, I came to Galilee and found the people of Sepphoris in anguish about their area, as the Galileans had resolved to plunder it in retaliation for their friendship with the Romans and because they had made a firm pact with Cestius Gallus, the governor of Syria.
^[31] Ἀλλὰ τούτους μὲν ἐγὼ πάντας ἀπήλλαξα τοῦ φόβου πείσας ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν τὰ πλήθη καὶ ἐπιτρέψας ὅσα καὶ θέλουσι διαπέμπεσθαι διὰ τοὺς ἐν Δώροις οἰκείους ὁμηρεύοντας Κεστίῳ . Τὰ δὲ Δῶρα πόλις ἐστὶν τῆς Φοινίκης . Τοὺς ἐν Τιβεριάδι δὲ κατοικοῦντας εὗρον ἐφ’ ὅπλα κεχωρηκότας ἤδη δι’ αἰτίαν τοιαύτην ·	³¹ But I allayed their fears and persuaded the people to deal kindly with them and let them send messages to their friends as often as they pleased, who were hostages with Cestius at Dora, a city of Phoenicia. But I found the Tiberians were already up in arms, for the following reason.
^[32] Στάσεις τρεῖς ἦσαν κατὰ τὴν πόλιν , μία μὲν ἀνδρῶν εὐσχημόνων , ἦρχε δ’ αὐτῆς Ἰούλιος Κάπελλος .	³² In the city there were three factions ; the first being respectable citizens, headed by Julius Capella.
^[33] Οὗτος δὴ καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ πάντες , Ἡρώδης ὁ Μιαροῦ καὶ Ἡρώδης ὁ τοῦ Γαμάλου καὶ Κομψὸς ὁ τοῦ Κομψοῦ · Κρίσπος γὰρ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ‎ τοῦ μεγάλου βασιλέως γενόμενός ποτε ἔπαρχος ἐν ταῖς ἰδίαις κτήσεσιν ἐτύγχανεν πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου ·	³³ He and all his friends, Herod the son of Miarus and Herod the son of Gamalus and Compsus the son of Compsus, and his brother Crispus, who had once been governor under the great king, who lived on his own land beyond the Jordan,
^[34] πάντες οὖν οἱ προειρημένοι κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἐκεῖνον ἐμμένειν συνεβούλευον τῇ πρὸς τοὺς Ῥωμαίους καὶ τὸν βασιλέα πίστει . Τῇ γνώμῃ δ’ οὐ συνηρέσκετο Πιστὸς παραγόμενος ὑπὸ Ἰούστου τοῦ παιδός · καὶ γὰρ ἦν φύσει πως ἐπιμανής .	³⁴ advised that the city should continue loyal to the Romans and to the king. But Pistus, urged by his son Justus, did not agree with that view, for he was of an impulsive nature.
^[35] ἡ δευτέρα δὲ στάσις ἐξ ἀσημοτάτων συνεστηκυῖα πολεμεῖν ἔκρινεν .	³⁵ The second faction consisted of the most ignoble persons and was decided for war.
^[36] Ἰοῦστος δ’ ὁ Πιστοῦ παῖς ὁ τῆς τρίτης μερίδος πρῶτος ὑπεκρίνετο μὲν ἐνδοιάζειν πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον , νεωτέρων δ’ ἐπεθύμει πραγμάτων ἐκ τῆς μεταβολῆς οἰόμενος δύναμιν ἑαυτῷ περιποιήσειν .	³⁶ Justus, the son of Pistus, who led the third faction, although he pretended to be doubtful about going to war, really was eager for revolution, expecting to gain power by the change of affairs.
^[37] Παρελθὼν οὖν εἰς μέσους διδάσκειν ἐπειρᾶτο τὸ πλῆθος , ὡς ἡ πόλις ἀεὶ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἄρξειεν ἐπί γε τῶν Ἡρώδου χρόνων τοῦ τετράρχου καὶ κτίστου γενομένου , βουληθέντος αὐτοῦ‎ τὴν Σεπφωριτῶν πόλιν τῇ Τιβεριέων ὑπακούειν , ἀποβαλεῖν δὲ τὸ πρωτεῖον αὐτοὺς μηδὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἀγρίππα τοῦ πατρὸς , διαμεῖναι δὲ καὶ μέχρι Φήλικος προεσταμένου τῆς Ἰουδαίας .	³⁷ Therefore he came forward and tried to tell the people that Tiberias had always been the capital of Galilee and that in the days of its builder, Herod the tetrarch, it had held the first place and that he had intended the city of Sepphoris to be subordinate to Tiberias ; that they had not lost this preeminence even under Agrippa the elder, but had kept it until Felix became procurator of Judea.
^[38] Νῦν δὲ ἔλεγεν αὐτοὺς ἠτυχηκέναι τῷ νεωτέρῳ δωρεὰν Ἀγρίππᾳ δοθέντας ὑπὸ Νέρωνος · ἄρξαι γὰρ εὐθὺς τὴν μὲν Σέπφωριν , ἐπειδὴ Ῥωμαίοις ὑπήκουσεν , τῆς Γαλιλαίας , καταλυθῆναι δὲ παρ’ αὐτοῖς τήν τε βασιλικὴν τράπεζαν καὶ τὰ ἀρχεῖα .	³⁸ But, he told them, now they had been so unfortunate as to be presented by Nero to Agrippa the younger; and when Sepphoris submitted to the Romans it had become the capital of Galilee and now the royal library and the archives were removed from them.
^[39] Ταῦτα καὶ πρὸς τούτοις ἕτερα πολλὰ κατὰ βασιλέως Ἀγρίππα λέγων ὑπὲρ τοῦ τὸν δῆμον εἰς τὴν ἀπόστασιν ἐρεθίσαι , προσετίθει νῦν εἶναι καιρὸν ἀραμένους ὅπλα καὶ Γαλιλαίους συμμάχους προσλαβόντας , ἄρξειν γὰρ αὐτῶν ἑκόντων διὰ τὸ πρὸς τοὺς Σεπφωρίτας μῖσος ὑπάρχειν αὐτοῖς , ὅτι τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους πίστιν διαφυλάσσουσιν , μεγάλῃ χειρὶ πρὸς τὴν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν τιμωρίαν τραπέσθαι .	³⁹ When he had said these things and much more against king Agrippa, he added, in order to provoke the people to revolt, that this was the time for them to take arms and join with the Galileans as their allies who would now willingly join them, from their hatred toward the Sepphorites for keeping faithful to the Romans
^[40] Ταῦτα λέγων προετρέψατο τὸ πλῆθος · ἦν γὰρ ἱκανὸς δημαγωγεῖν καὶ τῶν ἀντιλεγόντων τὰ βελτίω περιεῖναι γοητείᾳ καὶ ἀπάτῃ τῇ διὰ λόγων · καὶ γὰρ οὐδ’ ἄπειρος ἦν παιδείας τῆς παρ’ Ἕλλησιν , ᾗ θαρρῶν ἐπεχείρησεν καὶ τὴν ἱστορίαν τῶν πραγμάτων τούτων ἀναγράφειν , ὡς τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ περιεσόμενος τῆς ἀληθείας .	⁴⁰ This speech stirred the people; for his abilities lay in demagoguery and in overcoming by his craftiness and fallacies those who opposed him, even when they advised what was more advantageous. He was not unskilled in the learning of the Greeks; and using that skill he undertook to write a history of these matters, aiming to disguise the truth in this way.
^[41] Ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτου τοῦ ἀνδρός , ὡς φαῦλος τὸν βίον ἐγένετο καὶ ὡς σὺν τῷ ἀδελφῷ μικροῦ δεῖν καταστροφῆς αἴτιος ὑπῆρξεν , προϊόντος τοῦ λόγου δηλώσομεν .	⁴¹ As my narrative progresses I shall tell about this man's wicked character and lifestyle and how he and his brother were the main authors of our destruction.
^[42] Τότε δὲ πείσας ὁ Ἰοῦστος τοὺς πολίτας ἀναλαβεῖν τὰ ὅπλα πολλοὺς δὲ καὶ μὴ θελήσαντας ἀναγκάσας , ἐξελθὼν σὺν πᾶσιν τούτοις ἐμπίπρησιν τάς τε Γαδαρηνῶν καὶ Ἱππηνῶν κώμας , αἳ δὴ μεθόριοι τῆς Τιβεριάδος καὶ τῆς τῶν Σκυθοπολιτῶν γῆς ἐτύγχανον κείμεναι .	⁴² So when, at his persuasion, Justus got the citizens of Tiberias to take arms, and had even forced many to do so against their wills, he went out and set fire to the villages belonging to Gadara and Hippos, along the borders of Tiberias and of the region of Scythopolis.

Chapter 3 Factions among the Galilean rebels
43-76

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^[43] Καὶ Τιβεριὰς μὲν ἐν τοιούτοις ἦν . Τὰ περὶ Γίσχαλα δὲ εἶχε τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον · Ἰωάννης ὁ τοῦ Ληουεῖ τῶν πολιτῶν τινας ὁρῶν διὰ τὴν ἀποστασίαν τὴν ἀπὸ Ῥωμαίων μέγα φρονοῦντας κατέχειν αὐτοὺς ἐπειρᾶτο καὶ τὴν πίστιν ἠξίου διαφυλάττειν .	⁴³ Such was the situation in Tiberias. At Gischala, matters were as follows : When John, the son of Levi, saw some of the citizens exulting at their revolt from the Romans, he tried to restrain them and implored them to maintain their allegiance to them.
^[44] Οὐ μὴν ἠδυνήθη καίτοι πάνυ προθυμούμενος · τὰ γὰρ πέριξ ἔθνη , Γαδαρηνοὶ καὶ βαραγαναῖοι καὶ Τύριοι , πολλὴν ἀθροίσαντες δύναμιν καὶ τοῖς Γισχάλοις ἐπιπεσόντες λαμβάνουσι τὰ Γίσχαλα κατὰ κράτος , καὶ πυρπολήσαντες εἶτα δὲ προσκατασκάψαντες εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἀνέζευξαν .	⁴⁴ But he could not achieve this, although he tried his utmost; for the neighbouring people of Gadara, Gabara and Sogana, and the Tyrians, mustered a great force and stormed and took Gischala and set it on fire; and when they had entirely demolished it, they returned home.
^[45] Ἰωάννης δὲ ἐπὶ τούτῳ παροξυνθεὶς ὁπλίζει πάντας τοὺς μετ’ αὐτοῦ‎ καὶ συμβαλὼν τοῖς προειρημένοις ἔθνεσιν τά τε Γίσχαλα κρείττονα πάλιν ἀνακτίσας τείχεσιν ὑπὲρ ἀσφαλείας τῆς εἰς ὕστερον ὠχύρωσεν .	⁴⁵ At this John was so enraged that he armed all his men and attacked those people ; he rebuilt Gischala better than before and fortified it with walls for its future security.
^[46] Γάμαλα δὲ πίστει τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐνέμεινε δι’ αἰτίαν τοιαύτην · Φίλιππος ὁ Ἰακείμου παῖς ἔπαρχος δὲ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἀγρίππα , σωθεὶς παρὰ δόξαν ἐκ τῆς ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις βασιλικῆς αὐλῆς πολιορκουμένης καὶ διαφυγών , εἰς ἕτερον ἐνέπεσε κίνδυνον , ὥστε ὑπὸ Μαναήμου καὶ τῶν σὺν αὐτῷ λῃστῶν ἀναιρεθῆναι .	⁴⁶ But Gamala persevered in its allegiance to the Romans, for this reason : Philip, the son of Jacimus, who was their governor under king Agrippa, had miraculously survived when the royal palace at Jerusalem was besieged ; but as he fled away, he also ran the risk of being killed by Manahem and his brigands.
^[47] Διεκώλυσαν δὲ Βαβυλώνιοί τινες συγγενεῖς αὐτοῦ‎ ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ὄντες πρᾶξαι τοὺς λῃστὰς τὸ ἔργον . Ἐπιμείνας οὖν ἡμέρας τέσσαρας ὁ Φίλιππος ἐκεῖ τῇ πέμπτῃ φεύγει περιθετῇ χρησάμενος κόμῃ τοῦ μὴ κατάδηλος γενέσθαι , καὶ παραγενόμενος εἴς τινα τῶν ἑαυτοῦ κωμῶν κατὰ τοὺς ὅρους Γάμαλα τοῦ φρουρίου κειμένην πέμπει πρός τινας τῶν ὑπ’ αὐτὸν προστάσσων ὡς αὐτὸν ἀφικέσθαι τὴν Φιλίππου .	⁴⁷ However, these were prevented from this by some Babylonians, relatives of his who were then in Jerusalem. So Philip stayed there four days and fled on the fifth, wearing a wig so as not be recognised. when he reached one of his villages near the Gamala fortress, he sent to some of those under his command, ordering them to come to him.
^[48] Ταῦτα δ’ αὐτὸν ἐννοούμενον ἐμποδίζει τὸ θεῖον ἐπὶ συμφέροντι · μὴ γὰρ τούτου γενομένου πάντως ἂν ἀπωλώλει · πυρετοῦ δὴ κατασχόντος αὐτὸν ἐξαίφνης γράψας ἐπιστολὰς τοῖς παισὶν Ἀγρίππᾳ καὶ Βερενίκῃ δίδωσιν τῶν ἐξελευθέρων τινὶ κομίζειν πρὸς Οὔαρον .	⁴⁸ Fortunately for him, providence blocked that intention of his and if this had not happened, he would certainly have died. For suffering a sudden attack of fever, he wrote letters to the younger Agrippa and Berenice and gave them to one of his freedmen to convey to Varus,
^[49] Ἦν δ’ οὗτος κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἐκεῖνον ὁ τὴν βασιλείαν διοικῶν καταστησάντων αὐτὸν τῶν βασιλέων · αὐτοὶ γὰρ εἰς Βηρυτὸν ἀφικνοῦντο ὑπαντῆσαι βουλόμενοι Κεστίῳ .	⁴⁹ who at this time was administering the kingdom, which the king and his sister had entrusted yp him, while they had gone to Berytus intending to wait upon Cestius.
^[50] Λαβὼν οὖν Οὔαρος τὰ παρὰ Φιλίππου γράμματα καὶ πυθόμενος αὐτὸν διασεσῶσθαι βαρέως ἤνεγκεν , ἀχρεῖος τὸ λοιπὸν αὐτὸς νομίζων φανεῖσθαι τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν ἀφικομένου τοῦ Φιλίππου . Προαγαγὼν οὖν εἰς τὸ πλῆθος τὸν τὰς ἐπιστολὰς κομίζοντα καὶ πλαστογραφίαν ἐπικαλέσας ψεύδεσθαί τε Φήσας αὐτὸν ἀπαγγείλαντα Φίλιππον ἐν τοῖς Ἱεροσολύμοις μετὰ τῶν Ἰουδαίων Ῥωμαίοις πολεμεῖν ἀπέκτεινεν .	⁵⁰ When Varus received these letters of Philip and learned of his escape, he was irritated, thinking that at Philip's coming their majestions would have no further use for him. So he brought the carrier of the letters before the people and accused him of forging them, alleging that he spoke falsely when he reported that Philip was at Jerusalem, fighting with the Jews against the Romans. So he killed him.
^[51] Μὴ ὑποστρέψαντος δὴ τοῦ ἐξελευθέρου Φίλιππος ἀπορῶν τὴν αἰτίαν δεύτερον ἐκπέμπει μετ’ ἐπιστολῶν πάλιν τὸν ἀπαγγελοῦντα πρὸς αὐτόν , τί τὸ συμβεβηκὸς εἴη τῷ ἀποσταλέντι , δι’ ὃ βραδύνειεν .	⁵¹ When Philip, puzzled that this freedman did not return again, sent another with letters, to bring him word what had happened the other and why he delayed so long.
^[52] Καὶ τοῦτον δὲ παραγενόμενον ὁ Οὔαρος συκοφαντήσας ἀνεῖλεν · καὶ γὰρ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν Καισαρείᾳ Σύρων ἐπῆρτο μέγα φρονεῖν , ἀναιρεθήσεσθαι μὲν λεγόντων ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων τὸν Ἀγρίππαν διὰ τὰς ὑπὸ Ἰουδαίων ἁμαρτίας , λήψεσθαι δ’ αὐτὸν τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐκ βασιλέων ὄντα · καὶ γὰρ ἦν ὁμολογουμένως ὁ Οὔαρος βασιλικοῦ γένους ἔγγονος Σοέμου τοῦ περὶ τὸν Λίβανον τετραρχοῦντος .	⁵² Varus also killed him when he came, on some baseless charge. For he had been filled with great expectations by the Syrians in Caesarea, who said that the Romans would execute Agrippa for the crimes alleged by the Jews and that he himself, being descended from their kings, would take over as ruler. All acknowledged that Varus was of royal blood, being a descendant of Sohemus, who had been tetrarch in the area of Libanus.
^[53] Διὰ τοῦτ’ οὖν ὁ Οὔαρος τυφούμενος τὰς μὲν ἐπιστολὰς παρ’ ἑαυτῷ κατέσχεν μηχανώμενος μὴ ἐντυχεῖν τοῖς γράμμασι τὸν βασιλέα , τὰς ἐξόδους δὲ πάσας ἐφρούρει , μὴ διαδράς τις ἀπαγγείλειε τῷ βασιλεῖ τὰ πραττόμενα . Καὶ δὴ χαριζόμενος τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Καισάρειαν Σύροις πολλοὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἀπέκτεινεν .	⁵³ For this reason he was puffed up and kept the letters from the king ; and he guarded all the town exits, so that no one could escape and tell the king what he had done. Moreover he killed many of the Jews, in order to gratify the Syrians of Caesarea.
^[54] Ἐβουλήθη δὲ καὶ μετὰ τῶν ἐν Βατανέᾳ Τραχωνιτῶν ἀναλαβὼν τὰ ὅπλα ἐπὶ τοὺς ἐν Ἐκβατάνοις Βαβυλωνίους Ἰουδαίους , ταύτην γὰρ τὴν προσηγορίαν ἔχουσιν , ὁρμῆσαι .	⁵⁴ He had another plan to join with the Trachonites in Batanea and take up arms and attack the Babylonian Jews in Ecbatana, as they were called.
^[55] Καλέσας οὖν τῶν κατὰ τὴν Καισάρειαν Ἰουδαίων δώδεκα τοὺς δοκιμωτάτους προσέτασσεν αὐτοῖς ἀφικομένοις εἰς Ἐκβάτανα πρὸς τοὺς ἐκεῖ κατοικοῦντας αὐτῶν ὁμοφύλους εἰπεῖν , ὅτι Οὔαρος ἀκούσας ὑμᾶς ἐπὶ βασιλέα μέλλειν ὁρμᾶν καὶ μὴ πιστεύσας πέπομφεν ἡμᾶς πείσοντας ὑμᾶς τὰ ὅπλα καταθέσθαι · τοῦτο γὰρ αὐτῷ τεκμήριον ἔσεσθαι καὶ τοῦ καλῶς μὴ πιστεῦσαι τοῖς περὶ ὑμῶν λέγουσιν .	⁵⁵ Therefore he called twelve of the most distinguished Caesarean Jews and told them to go to Ecbatana to say to their countrymen there : Varus has heard that you intend to march against the king, but not believing it, has sent us to persuade you to lay down your arms ; this compliance will be a sign that he was right not to believe what was said about you.
^[56] Ἐκέλευε; δὲ καὶ τοὺς πρώτους αὐτῶν ἄνδρας ἑβδομήκοντα πέμπειν ἀπολογησομένους περὶ τῆς ἐπενηνεγμένης αἰτίας . Ἐλθόντες οὖν οἱ δώδεκα πρὸς τοὺς ἐν Ἐκβατάνοις ὁμοφύλους καὶ καταλαβόντες αὐτοὺς μηδὲν ἐπὶ νεωτερισμῷ φρονοῦντας ἔπεισαν καὶ τοὺς ἑβδομήκοντα πέμπειν .	⁵⁶ He also required them to send seventy of their leading men to answer the accusation made against them. When the twelve came and found that their countrymen in Ecbatana had no rebellious plans, they persuaded them to send the seventy men.
^[57] Οἱ δὲ μηδὲν ὑποπτεύσαντες τοιοῦτον οἷον ἔμελλεν ἀποβήσεσθαι ἐξαπέστειλαν . Καταβαίνουσιν δ’ οὗτοι μετὰ τῶν δώδεκα πρέσβεων εἰς τὴν Καισάρειαν . Ὑπαντήσας οὖν ὁ Οὔαρος μετὰ τῆς βασιλικῆς δυνάμεως σὺν τοῖς πρέσβεσιν πάντας ἀπέκτεινεν καὶ τὴν πορείαν ἐπὶ τοὺς ἐν Ἐκβατάνοις Ἰουδαίους ἐποιεῖτο .	⁵⁷ Not at all suspecting the fate awaiting them, these sent them off, and these seventy went down with the twelve envoys to Caesarea, where Varus met them with the king's forces and killed them all, including the envoys, and proceeded to march against the Jews of Ecbatana.
^[58] φθάσας δέ τις ἐκ τῶν ἑβδομήκοντα σωθεὶς ἀπήγγειλεν αὐτοῖς , κἀκεῖνοι τὰ ὅπλα λαβόντες σὺν γυναιξὶ καὶ τέκνοις εἰς Γάμαλα τὸ φρούριον ὑπεχώρησαν , καταλιπόντες τὰς κώμας πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν πλήρεις καὶ βοσκημάτων πολλὰς μυριάδας ἐχούσας .	⁵⁸ One of the seventy, however, escaped and hurried to tell them ; so they took their arms, with their wives and children, and retreated to the citadel at Gamala, leaving their villages full of all sorts of goods with many thousand heads of cattle.
^[59] Φίλιππος δὲ πυθόμενος ταῦτα καὶ αὐτὸς εἰς Γάμαλα τὸ φρούριον ἧκεν . Παραγενομένου δὲ κατεβόα τὸ πλῆθος , ἄρχειν αὐτὸν παρακαλοῦντες καὶ πολεμεῖν πρὸς Οὔαρον καὶ τοὺς ἐν τῇ Καισαρείᾳ Σύρους . Διαδέδοκτο γὰρ ὑπὸ τούτων τὸν βασιλέα τεθνάναι.	⁵⁹ When Philip learned this, he also came to the Gamala fortress; and when he arrived the people called loudly for him to command them again, and to make an expedition against Varus and the Syrians of Caesarea; for it was reported that they had killed the king.
^[60] Φίλιππος δ’ αὐτῶν κατεῖχε τὰς ὁρμὰς ὑπομιμνήσκων τῶν τε τοῦ βασιλέως εἰς αὐτοὺς εὐεργεσιῶν , καὶ τὴν Ῥωμαίων διηγούμενος ὅση τίς ἐστι δύναμις συμφέρειν οὐκ ἔλεγεν ἄρασθαι πρὸς τούτους πόλεμον , καὶ τέλος ἔπεισεν .	⁶⁰ But Philip restrained their eagerness, reminding them of the benefits the king had bestowed upon them ; and he explained about the power of the Romans and how inopportune it was to make war with them ; and finally he won them over.
^[61] Ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς πυθόμενος , ὅτι Οὔαρος μέλλει τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς Καισαρείας Ἰουδαίους σὺν γυναιξὶ καὶ τέκνοις πολλὰς ὄντας μυριάδας ἀναιρεῖν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ , μεταπέμπεται πρὸς αὐτὸν Αἴκουον Μονόδιον πέμψας αὐτῷ διάδοχον , ὡς ἐν ἄλλοις ἐδηλώσαμεν . Ὁ δὲ Φίλιππος Γάμαλα τὸ φρούριον κατέσχεν καὶ τὴν πέριξ χώραν πίστει τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐμμένουσαν .	⁶¹ When the king knew of Varus's plan to massacre in a single day the Jews of Caesarea, who were many thousands, along with their wives and children, he recalled him and sent Aequus Modius as his successor, as we have elsewhere reported. But Philip still kept possession of the Gamala fortress and the country adjoining it, which continued in allegiance to the Romans.
^[62] Ἐπεὶ δ’ εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν ἀφικόμην ἐγὼ καὶ ταῦτα παρὰ τῶν ἀπαγγειλάντων ἔμαθον , γράφω τῷ συνεδρίῳ τῶν Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν περὶ τούτων καὶ τί με πράττειν κελεύουσιν ἐρωτῶ . Οἱ δὲ προσμεῖναι παρεκάλεσαν καὶ τοὺς συμπρέσβεις . Εἰ θέλοιεν , κατασχόντα πρόνοιαν ποιήσασθαι τῆς Γαλιλαίας .	⁶² When I arrived in Galilee and learned these things from informants, I wrote about them to the Sanhedrin in Jerusalem, asking what they wanted me to do. Their direction was to stay there and if my fellow legates were willing, join with them in caring for Galilee.
^[63] Οἱ δὲ συμπρέσβεις εὐπορήσαντες πολλῶν χρημάτων ἐκ τῶν διδομένων αὐτοῖς δεκατῶν , ἃς ὄντες ἱερεῖς ὀφειλομένας ἀπελάμβανον , εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ὑποστρέφειν ἔκριναν . Ἐμοῦ δ’ αὐτοὺς προσμεῖναι παρακαλέσαντος ἕως οὗ τὰ πράγματα καταστήσωμεν , πείθονται.	⁶³ My colleagues, who had become very rich from the tithes which they got as their priestly due, decided to return home, but I persuaded them to stay on until we had restored things to order.
^[64] Ἄρας οὖν μετ’ αὐτῶν ἀπὸ τῆς Σεπφωριτῶν πόλεως εἰς κώμην τινὰ Βηθμαοῦς λεγομένην ἀπέχουσαν Τιβεριάδος στάδια τέσσαρα παραγίνομαι , καὶ πέμψας ἐντεῦθεν πρὸς τὴν Τιβεριέων βουλὴν καὶ τοὺς πρώτους τοῦ δήμου παρεκάλουν ἀφικέσθαι πρός με .	⁶⁴ So with them I moved from the city of Sepphoris to a village called Bethmaus, four furlongs from Tiberias ; and from there sent messengers to the council of Tiberias and leading men of the city asking them to come to me.
^[65] Καὶ παραγενομένων , ἐληλύθει δὲ σὺν αὐτοῖς καὶ Ιοῦστος, ἔλεγον ὑπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ τῶν Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν πρεσβεύσων μετὰ τούτων πεπόμφθαι πρὸς αὐτούς , πείσων καθαιρεθῆναι τὸν οἶκον τὸν ὑπὸ Ἡρώδου τοῦ τετράρχου κατασκευασθέντα ζῴων μορφὰς ἔχοντα τῶν νόμων οὕτως τι κατασκευάζειν ἀπαγορευόντων , καὶ παρεκάλουν αὐτοὺς ἐᾶν ἡμᾶς ᾗ τάχος τοῦτο πράττειν .	⁶⁵ When they arrived, and Justus himself along with them, I told them that I and my colleagues were sent to them by the council of Jerusalem, to persuade them to demolish that house built there by Herod the tetrarch, which contained representations of living creatures, such as our laws forbade us to make; and I asked them to let us do so immediately.
^[66] Ἐπὶ πολὺ μὲν οὖν οἱ περὶ τὸν Καπέλλαν καὶ τοὺς πρώτους αὐτῶν ἐπιτρέπειν οὐκ ἤθελον , βιαζόμενοι δ’ ὑφ’ ἡμῶν συγκατατίθενται . Φθάνει δ’ Ἰησοῦς ὁ τοῦ Σαπφία παῖς , ὃν τῆς τῶν ναυτῶν καὶ τῶν ἀπόρων στάσεως πρῶτον ἔφαμεν ἄρξαι , παραλαβών τινας Γαλιλαίους καὶ τὴν πᾶσαν αὐλὴν ἐμπρήσας , πολλῶν οἰόμενος εὐπορήσειν ἐξ αὐτῆς χρημάτων , ἐπειδή τινας οἴκων ὀροφὰς κεχρυσωμένας εἶδεν .	⁶⁶ For a good while, Capella and the leading men of the city did not want to let us, but at last were entirely won over and agreed with us. But Joshua the son of Sapphias, whom we have already mentioned as the leader of a faction of mariners and poor people, anticipated us and along with certain Galileans he set the entire palace on fire, expecting a large amount of loot from it, as he had seen some of the roofs inlaid with gold.
^[67] Καὶ διήρπασαν πολλὰ παρὰ γνώμην τὴν ἡμετέραν πράξαντες · ἡμεῖς γὰρ μετὰ τὴν πρὸς Καπέλλαν καὶ τοὺς πρώτους Τιβεριέων ὁμιλίαν εἰς τὴν ἄνω Γαλιλαίαν ἀπὸ Βηθμαῶν ἀνεχωρήσαμεν . Ἀναιροῦσιν δ’ οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰησοῦν πάντας τοὺς ἐνοικοῦντας Ἕλληνας ὅσοι τε πρὸ τοῦ πολέμου γεγόνεισαν αὐτῶν ἐχθροί .	⁶⁷ They also plundered much of the furniture, contrary to our wishes; for after our talks with Capella and the leading men of the city we had left Bethmaus and gone into Upper Galilee. But Joshua and his party killed all the Greeks living in Tiberias and many others who were their enemies before the war began.

^[68] Πυθόμενος δ’ ἐγὼ ταῦτα παρωξύνθην σφόδρα , καὶ καταβὰς εἰς Τιβεριάδα πρόνοιαν εἰσηνεγκάμην τῶν βασιλικῶν σκευῶν ὅσα δυνατὸν ἦν τοὺς ἁρπάσαντας ἀφελέσθαι · λυχνίαι δ’ ἦσαν Κορίνθιαι ταῦτα καὶ τράπεζαι τῶν βασιλικῶν καὶ ἀσήμου ἀργυρίου σταθμὸς ἱκανός · πάντα δ’ , ὅσα παρέλαβον , φυλάσσειν ἔκρινα τῷ βασιλεῖ .	⁶⁸ When I learned of this, I was highly indignant and went down to Tiberias and took what care I could of the royal furniture, recovering whatever I could from those who had plundered it. There were candlesticks of Corinthian brass and royal tables and a large amount of uncoined silver ; and I resolved to keep for the king whatever I received.
^[69] Μεταπεμψάμενος οὖν τοὺς τῆς βουλῆς πρώτους δέκα καὶ Καπέλλαν τὸν Ἀντύλλου τὰ σκεύη παρέδωκα , μηδενὶ παραγγείλας ἑτέρῳ πλὴν ἐμοῦ δοῦναι .	⁶⁹ So I sent for ten of the leading men of the council and for Capella the son of Antyllus and committed the furniture to them, with instructions to deliver it to no one but myself.
^[70] Κἀκεῖθεν εἰς τὰ Γίσχαλα πρὸς τὸν Ἰωάννην μετὰ τῶν συμπρέσβεων ἀφικόμην βουλόμενος γνῶναι , τί ποτε φρονεῖ . Κατεῖδον δ’ αὐτὸν ταχέως νεωτέρων ὀρεγόμενον πραγμάτων καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἐπιθυμίαν ἔχοντα ·	⁷⁰ From there I and my fellow legates went to Gichala, to John, wanting to know his intentions, and soon saw that he was for revolution and wished to rule the place.
^[71] παρεκάλει γάρ με τὸν Καίσαρος σῖτον κείμενον ἐν ταῖς τῆς ἄνωθεν Γαλιλαίας κώμαις ἐξουσίαν αὐτῷ δοῦναι ἐκφορῆσαι · θέλειν γὰρ ἔφασκεν εἰς ἐπισκευὴν τῶν τῆς πατρίδος τειχῶν αὐτὸν ἀναλῶσαι .	⁷¹ He asked me for authority to seize the imperial corn stored in the villages of Upper Galilee, wishing to spend the proceeds of it in restoring the ramparts of his own town.
^[72] Κατανοήσας δὲ ἐγὼ τὴν ἐπιχείρησιν αὐτοῦ‎ καὶ τί διανοοῖτο πράσσειν , οὐκ ἔφην αὐτῷ συγχωρεῖν · ἢ γὰρ Ῥωμαίοις αὐτὸν ἐνενοούμην φυλάττειν ἢ ’μαυτῷ διὰ τὸ καὶ τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῶν ἐκεῖ πραγμάτων αὐτὸς παρὰ τοῦ κοινοῦ τῶν Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν πεπιστεῦσθαι .	⁷² But perceiving his scheme and what he planned to do, I did not give consent, since, entrusted by the Jerusalem council with that whole area, I intended to reserve it either for the Romans or for my own use.
^[73] Μὴ πείθων δὲ περὶ τούτων ἐπὶ τοὺς συμπρέσβεις ἐτράπετο · καὶ γὰρ ἦσαν ἀπρονόητοι τῶν ἐσομένων καὶ λαβεῖν ἑτοιμότατοι · φθείρει δὲ χρήμασιν αὐτοὺς ψηφίσασθαι πάντα τὸν σῖτον αὐτῷ παραδοθῆναι τὸν ἐν τῇ αὐτοῦ‎ ἐπαρχίᾳ κείμενον .	⁷³ When he failed to persuade me, he turned to my fellow legates, who showed no foresight of coming events and were very ready to accept money. These he bribed to vote that all that corn stored within his province should be handed over to him ; while I , on my own, was outvoted by the other two and held my tongue.
^[74] Κἀγὼ μόνος ἡττώμενος ὑποδὺς τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἤγαγον . Καὶ δευτέραν Ἰωάννης ἐπεισέφερεν πανουργίαν · ἔφη γὰρ Ἰουδαίους τοὺς τὴν Φιλίππου Καισάρειαν κατοικοῦντας συγκεκλεισμένους κατὰ προσταγὴν τοῦ βασιλέως ὑποδίκου τοῦ τὴν δυναστείαν διοικοῦντος πεπομφέναι πρὸς αὐτὸν παρακαλοῦντας , ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἔλαιον ᾧ χρήσονται καθαρόν , ποιησάμενον πρόνοιαν εὐπορίαν αὐτοῖς τούτου παρασχεῖν , μὴ δι’ ἀνάγκην Ἑλληνικῷ χρώμενοι τὰ νόμιμα παραβαίνωσιν .	⁷⁴ Then John introduced another cunning plan. He said that the Jews living in Caesarea Philippi who were shut in there by Modius, the king's deputy, had sent to him requesting that, having no pure oil for their use, he provide them with a sufficient extent of such oil, lest they be forced to transgress their own laws by using Greek oil.
^[75] Ταῦτα δ’ οὐχ ὑπ’ εὐσεβείας ἔλεγεν Ἰωάννης , δι’ αἰσχροκέρδειαν δὲ φανερωτάτην · γινώσκων γὰρ παρὰ μὲν ἐκείνοις κατὰ τὴν Καισάρειαν τοὺς δύο ξέστας δραχμῆς μιᾶς πωλουμένους , ἐν δὲ τοῖς Γισχάλοις τοὺς ὀγδοήκοντα ξέστας δραχμῶν τεσσάρων , πᾶν τὸ ἔλαιον ὅσον ἦν ἐκεῖ διεπέμψατο λαβὼν ἐξουσίαν καὶ παρ’ ἐμοῦ τὸ δοκεῖν ·	⁷⁵ This was said by John, not for the sake of religion, from outright profiteering ; for he knew that two pints were sold in Caesarea for one drachma, while at Gischala eighty pints cost four drachmas. So he sent off all the oil from the place, claiming my permission for doing so.
^[76] οὐ γὰρ ἑκὼν ἐπέτρεπον , ἀλλὰ διὰ φόβον τὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ πλήθους , μὴ κωλύων καταλευσθείην ὑπ’ αὐτῶν . Συγχωρήσαντος οὖν μου πλείστων χρημάτων ὁ Ἰωάννης ἐκ τῆς κακουργίας ταύτης εὐπόρησε .	⁷⁶ However I did not allow this willingly, but only out of fear that if I had forbidden it, the mob would have stoned me. When I had allowed this, John made vast sums of money by his trickery.

Chapter 4 Josephus as peaceful defender of Galilee 77-100

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^[77] Τοὺς δὲ συμπρέσβεις ἀπὸ τῶν Γισχάλων ἀπολύσας εἰς τὰ Ἱεροσόλυμα πρόνοιαν ἐποιούμην ὅπλων τε κατασκευῆς καὶ πόλεων ἐχυρότητος . Μεταπεμψάμενος δὲ τῶν λῃστῶν τοὺς ἀνδρειοτάτους ἀφελέσθαι μὲν αὐτῶν τὰ ὅπλα οὐχ οἷόν τε ὂν ἑώρων , ἔπεισα δὲ τὸ πλῆθος μισθοφορὰν αὐτοῖς παρέχειν , ἄμεινον εἶναι λέγων ἑκόντας ὀλίγα διδόναι μᾶλλον ἢ τὰς κτήσεις διαρπαζομένας ὑπ’ αὐτῶν περιορᾶν .	⁷⁷ After letting my fellow legates return from Gischala to Jerusalem, I took care about providing arms and having the cities fortified. Then, sending for the hardiest of the brigands and seeing that I could not disarm them, I persuaded the people to pay them as mercenaries, saying that it was better to pay them a little willingly, rather than to look on and see their goods plundered.
^[78] Καὶ λαβὼν παρ’ αὐτῶν ὅρκους μὴ ἀφίξεσθαι πρότερον εἰς τὴν χώραν , ἐὰν μὴ μετακληθῶσιν ἢ ὅταν τὸν μισθὸν μὴ λάβωσιν , ἀπέλυσα παραγγείλας μήτε Ῥωμαίοις πολεμεῖν μήτε τοῖς περιοίκοις · εἰρηνεύεσθαι γὰρ πρὸ πάντων τὴν Γαλιλαίαν ἐφρόντιζον .	⁷⁸ Then, obliging them under oath not to enter the district except by invitation, or when their pay was in arrears, I dismissed them with instructions to attack neither the Romans or their neighbours ; for my first care was keeping the peace in Galilee.
^[79] Τοὺς δ’ ἐν τέλει τῶν Γαλιλαίων ὅσον ἑβδομήκοντα πάντας βουλόμενος ἐν προφάσει φιλίας καθάπερ ὅμηρα τῆς πίστεως ἔχειν φίλους τε καὶ συνεκδήμους ἐποιησάμην ἐπί τε κρίσεις παρελάμβανον καὶ μετὰ γνώμης τῆς ἐκείνων τὰς ἀποφάσεις ἐποιούμην , μήτε προπετείᾳ πειρώμενος τοῦ δικαίου διαμαρτάνειν καθαρεύειν τε παντὸς ἐπ’ αὐταῖς λήμματος .	⁷⁹ Under the guise of friendship, I had as my travelling companions seventy leading Galileans, holding them hostage for the fidelity of their district. I set them to judge cases ; and it was with their approval that I gave my sentences, trying to avoid over-hasty judgments and in these matters to keep my hands clear of all bribery.
^[80] Περὶ τριακοστὸν γοῦν ἔτος ὑπάρχων , ἐν ᾧ χρόνῳ , κἂν ἀπέχηταί τις τῶν παρανόμων ἐπιθυμιῶν , δύσκολον τὰς ἐκ τοῦ φθόνου διαβολὰς φεύγειν ἄλλως τε καὶ ἐξουσίας ὄντα μεγάλης , γυναῖκα μὲν πᾶσαν ἀνύβριστον ἐφύλαξα , πάντων δὲ τῶν διδομένων ὡς μὴ χρῄζων κατεφρόνησα , ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ τὰς ὀφειλομένας μοι ὡς ἱερεῖ δεκάτας ἀπελάμβανον παρὰ τῶν κομιζόντων ·	⁸⁰ I was now about thirty years of age, an age at which, it is hard for anyone, especially if he holds high office and even if he refrains from lawless passions, to avoid the calumny of the envious. Yet I protected every woman's honour, and refused to accept any gifts that were offered to me; I would not even accept from those who offered them the tithes due to me as a priest.
^[81] ἐκ μέντοι τῶν λαφύρων μέρος τοὺς Σύρους τοὺς τὰς πέριξ πόλεις κατοικοῦντας νικήσας ἔλαβον , ἃ καὶ εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα τοῖς συγγενέσιν ὁμολογῶ πεπομφέναι .	⁸¹ However, I did take a part of the spoils after defeating the Syrian inhabitants of the adjoining cities and sent them to my relatives in Jerusalem.
^[82] Καὶ δὶς μὲν κατὰ κράτος ἑλὼν Σεπφωρίτας , Τιβεριεῖς τετράκις , Γαδαρεῖς δ’ ἅπαξ , καὶ τὸν Ἰωάννην πολλάκις ἐπιβουλεύσαντά μοι λαβὼν ὑποχείριον οὔτ’ αὐτὸν οὔτε τινὰς τῶν προειρημένων ἐθνῶν ἐτιμωρησάμην , ὡς προϊὼν ὁ λόγος παραστήσει .	⁸² But though I twice took Sepphoris by storm and Tiberias four times and Gadara once, and though I had John at my mercy, who so often conspired against me, I did not execute either him or any of the other people, as this account will go on to show.
^[83] Διὰ τοῦτ’ οἶμαι καὶ τὸν θεόν , οὐ γὰρ λελήθασιν αὐτὸν οἱ τὰ δέοντα πράττοντες , καὶ ἐκ τῆς ἐκείνων ῥύσασθαί με χειρὸς καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα πολλοῖς περιπεσόντα κινδύνοις διαφυλάξαι , περὶ ὧν ὕστερον ἀπαγγελοῦμεν .	⁸³ This, I believe, is why God, who never forgets those who do their duty, saved me from their hands and subsequently saved me amid the many dangers which I shall later relate.
^[84] Τοσαύτη δ’ ἦν ἡ πρός με τοῦ πλήθους τῶν Γαλιλαίων εὔνοια καὶ πίστις , ὥστε ληφθεισῶν αὐτῶν κατὰ κράτος τῶν πόλεων , γυναικῶν δὲ καὶ τέκνων ἀνδραποδισθέντων , οὐχ οὕτως ταῖς ἑαυτῶν ἐπεστέναξαν συμφοραῖς , ὥσπερ τῆς ἐμῆς ἐφρόντισαν σωτηρίας .	⁸⁴ The ordinary Galilean people showed me such great kindness and fidelity that when their cities were taken by storm and their wives and children brought into slavery, they were concerned not only for their own misfortunes but for my preservation.
^[85] Ταῦτα δ’ ὁρῶν Ἰωάννης ἐφθόνησε , καὶ γράφει πρός με παρακαλῶν ἐπιτρέψαι καταβάντι χρήσασθαι τοῖς ἐν Τιβεριάδι θερμοῖς ὕδασι τῆς τοῦ σώματος ἕνεκα θεραπείας .	⁸⁵ Seeing this, John envied me and wrote to me, asking my permission to come down and use the hot-baths of Tiberias for the good of his health.
^[86] Κἀγὼ μηδὲν ὑποπτεύσας πράξειν αὐτὸν πονηρὸν οὐκ ἐκώλυσα · πρὸς δὲ καὶ τοῖς τῆς Τιβεριάδος τὴν διοίκησιν ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ πεπιστευμένοις κατ’ ὄνομα γράφω κατάλυσιν ἑτοιμάσαι τῷ Ἰωάννῃ καὶ τοῖς ἀφιξομένοις σὺν αὐτῷ πάντων τε [ τῶν ἐπιτηδείων ἀφθονίαν παρασχεῖν . Διέτριβον δὲ κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἐκεῖνον ἐν κώμῃ τῆς Γαλιλαίας , ἣ προσαγορεύεται Κανά .	⁸⁶ Suspecting no bad intention, I did not hinder him, but wrote personally to those to whom I had entrusted the administration of Tiberias, to provide a lodging for John and whoever might accompany him and provide him with whatever he needed. At this time I was staying at a village of Galilee, called Cana.
^[87] Ὁ δ’ Ἰωάννης ἀφικόμενος εἰς τὴν Τιβεριέων πόλιν ἔπειθε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἀποστάντας τῆς πρός με πίστεως προστίθεσθαι αὐτῷ . Καὶ πολλοὶ τὴν παράκλησιν ἡδέως ἐδέξαντο νεωτέρων ἐπιθυμοῦντες αἰεὶ πραγμάτων καὶ φύσει πρὸς μεταβολὰς ἐπιτηδείως ἔχοντες καὶ στάσεσι χαίροντες .	⁸⁷ But when John reached Tiberias, he persuaded the population to abandon their fidelity to me and come over to him ; and many of them gladly accepted his invitation, as they were ever addicted to novelty and by nature attracted to change.
^[88] Μάλιστα δὲ Ἰοῦστος καὶ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ‎ Πιστὸς ὡρμήκεσαν ἀποστάντες ἐμοῦ προσθέσθαι τῷ Ἰωάννῃ .	⁸⁸ In particular, Justus and his father Pistus were quick to desert me go over to him ; but my speedy coming thwarted them.
^[89] Διεκώλυσα δ’ αὐτοὺς φθάσας · ἧκεν γὰρ ἄγγελός μοι παρὰ Σίλα , ὃν ἐγὼ καθεστάκειν τῆς Τιβεριάδος στρατηγόν , ὡς προεῖπον , τὴν τῶν Τιβεριέων γνώμην ἀπαγγέλλων κἀμὲ σπεύδειν παρακαλῶν · βραδύναντος γὰρ ὑπὸ τὴν ἑτέρων ἐξουσίαν γενέσθαι τὴν πόλιν .	⁸⁹ A messenger came to me from Silas, whom as I have said I had made governor of Tiberias, telling me of the mood of the Tiberians and advising me to hurry there, since if I delayed, the city would come under the power of others.
^[90] Ἐντυχὼν οὖν τοῖς γράμμασι τοῦ Σίλα καὶ διακοσίους ἀναλαβὼν ἄνδρας δι’ ὅλης τῆς νυκτὸς τὴν πορείαν ἐποιούμην , προπέμψας ἄγγελον τὸν τὴν ἐμὴν παρουσίαν τοῖς ἐν τῇ Τιβεριάδι σημανοῦντα .	⁹⁰ Having read this letter of Silas, I took two hundred men with me and travelled all night, sending before me a messenger to tell the Tiberians that I was coming.
^[91] Πρωῒ δὲ πλησιάζοντος ἐμοῦ τῇ Βηθήλῃ τὸ πλῆθος ὑπηντίαζεν καὶ Ἰωάννης σὺν αὐτοῖς , καὶ πάνυ με τεταραγμένως ἀσπασάμενος , δείσας μὴ εἰς ἔλεγχον αὐτοῦ‎ τῆς πράξεως ἀφικομένης ἀπολέσθαι κινδυνεύσῃ , ὑπεχώρησε μετὰ σπουδῆς εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ κατάλυσιν .	⁹¹ At dawn, as I approached the city, the people came out to meet me, including John who greeted me in some confusion and, fearing that my coming was to call him to account for what I knew he was doing, hurried back to his lodging.
^[92] Κἀγὼ δὲ γενόμενος κατὰ τὸ στάδιον τοὺς περὶ ἐμὲ σωματοφύλακας ἀπολύσας πλὴν ἑνὸς καὶ μετὰ τούτου κατασχὼν δέκα τῶν ὁπλιτῶν δημηγορεῖν ἐπειρώμην τῷ πλήθει τῶν Τιβεριέων στὰς ἐπὶ τριγχοῦ τινος ὑψηλοῦ , παρεκάλουν τε μὴ οὕτως αὐτοὺς ταχέως ἀφίστασθαι ·	⁹² Reaching the stadium, I dismissed my bodyguards except one, and bringing along ten soldiers, standing on a platform I attempted to make a speech to the ordinary people of Tiberias, imploring them not to be so hasty in their revolt.
^[93] κατάγνωσιν γὰρ αὐτοῖς οἴσειν τὴν μεταβολήν , καὶ τῷ μετὰ ταῦτα προϊσταμένῳ δι’ ὑποψίας γενήσεσθαι δικαίας , ὡς μηδὲ τὴν πρὸς ἐκεῖνον πίστιν φυλαξόντων .	⁹³ I told them such a change would lower their reputation and rightly make them suspected by their future governor, as unlikely to be faithful to him either.
^[94] Οὔπω δέ μοι πάντα λελάλητο , καί τινος ἐξήκουσα τῶν οἰκείων καταβαίνειν κελεύοντος · οὐ γάρ μοι καιρὸν εἶναι φροντίζειν τῆς παρὰ Τιβεριέων εὐνοίας , ἀλλὰ περὶ τῆς ἰδίας σωτηρίας καὶ πῶς τοὺς ἐχθροὺς φύγω .	⁹⁴ Before I had finished speaking, I heard one of my own men bidding me come down, as it was no time to be worrying about the good-will of the Tiberians, but about my own safety and how to escape from my enemies.
^[95] Πεπόμφει δ’ ὁ Ἰωάννης τῶν περὶ αὐτὸν ὁπλιτῶν ἐπιλέξας τοὺς πιστοτάτους ἐκ τῶν χιλίων , οἵπερ ἦσαν αὐτῷ , καὶ προσέταξεν τοῖς πεμφθεῖσιν ἀνελεῖν με πεπυσμένος ὡς εἴην μετὰ τῶν οἰκείων μεμονωμένος .	⁹⁵ For John, having learned that I was alone apart from a few personal attendants, had chosen the most trusty of the thousand soldiers at his disposal, and sent them with orders to kill me.
^[96] Ἧκον δ’ οἱ πεμφθέντες , κἂν ἐπεπράχεισαν , εἰ μὴ τοῦ τριγχοῦ θᾶττον ἀφαλόμενος ἐγὼ μετὰ τοῦ σωματοφύλακος Ἰακώβου καὶ ὑπό τινος Τιβεριέως Ἡρώδου προσανακουφισθείς , ὁδηγηθεὶς ὑπὸ τούτου ἐπὶ τὴν λίμνην καὶ πλοίου λαβόμενος καὶ ἐπιβὰς παρὰ δόξαν τοὺς ἐχθροὺς διαφυγὼν εἰς Ταριχέας ἀφικόμην .	⁹⁶ They arrived as ordered and would have done their job if I had not jumped down from the platform and, along with James my guard, was helped by one Herod of Tiberias and had him guide me down to the lake, where I seized a boat and embarked, and after surprisingly escaping my enemies, reached Tarichea.
^[97] Οἱ δὲ τὴν πόλιν ταύτην κατοικοῦντες ὡς ἐπύθοντο τὴν τῶν Τιβεριέων ἀπιστίαν , σφόδρα παρωξύνθησαν . Ἁρπάσαντες οὖν τὰ ὅπλα παρεκάλουν σφᾶς ἄγειν ἐπ’ αὐτούς · θέλειν γὰρ ἔφασκον ὑπὲρ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ δίκας λαβεῖν παρ’ αὐτῶν .	⁹⁷ The people of that city, hearing of the treachery of the Tiberians, were highly indignant. So they took up arms and asked me to lead an attack on them, wishing to avenge their general.
^[98] Διήγγελλον δὲ τὰ γεγονότα καὶ τοῖς κατὰ τὴν Γαλιλαίαν πᾶσαν ἐρεθίσαι καὶ τούτους κατὰ τῶν Τιβεριέων διὰ σπουδῆς ἔχοντες , παρεκάλουν τε πλείστους συναχθέντας ἀφικέσθαι πρὸς αὐτούς , ἵνα μετὰ γνώμης τοῦ στρατηγοῦ πράττωσιν τὸ δόξαν .	⁹⁸ They also reported to all the Galileans what had been done to me and eagerly sought to stir them against the Tiberians, wanting a large number to join them, that they should decide with their general what should be done.
^[99] Ἧκον οὖν οἱ Γαλιλαῖοι πολλοὶ πανταχόθεν μεθ’ ὅπλων καὶ παρεκελεύοντό μοι προσβαλεῖν τῇ Τιβεριάδι καὶ κατὰ κράτος αὐτὴν ἐξελεῖν καὶ πᾶσαν ἔδαφος ποιήσαντα τοὺς ἐνοίκους σὺν γυναιξὶ καὶ τέκνοις ἀνδραποδίσασθαι . Συνεβούλευονc δὲ ταῦτα καὶ τῶν φίλων οἱ ἐκ τῆς Τιβεριάδος διασωθέντες .	⁹⁹ So from all parts the Galileans came to me, armed and in large numbers, and begged me to attack Tiberias, to take it by force and demolish it to the ground, and reduce its inhabitants, with their wives and children, to slavery ; my own friends who had escaped from Tiberias, also gave the same advice.
^[100] Ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ συνεπένευον δεινὸν ἡγούμενος ἐμφυλίου πολέμου κατάρχειν · μέχρι λόγων γὰρ ᾤμην εἶναι δεῖν τὴν φιλονεικίαν . Καὶ μὴν οὐδ’ αὐτοῖς ἔφασκον συμφέρειν τοῦτο πρᾶξαι Ῥωμαίων ταῖς πρὸς ἀλλήλους στάσεσιν αὐτοὺς ἀπολέσθαι προσδοκώντων . Ταῦτα δὲ λέγων ἔπαυσα τῆς ὀργῆς τοὺς Γαλιλαίους .	¹⁰⁰ But I did not agree, horrified at the prospect of beginning a civil war; for I thought that this quarrel should go no further than words. I said it was not expedient to do what they proposed, as the Romans were only waiting for us to destroy each other by our mutual revolts. With these words, I calmed the anger of the Galileans.

Chapter 5 Risks run by Josephus, for the sake of justice
101-125

☜ ☞

^[101] Ὁ δὲ Ἰωάννης ἀπράκτου τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς αὐτῷ γενομένης ἔδεισε περὶ ἑαυτοῦ , καὶ τοὺς περὶ αὐτὸν ὁπλίτας ἀναλαβὼν ἀπῆρεν ἐκ τῆς Τιβεριάδος εἰς τὰ Γίσχαλα , καὶ γράφει πρός με περὶ τῶν πεπραγμένων ἀπολογούμενος ὡς μὴ κατὰ γνώμην τὴν αὐτοῦ‎ γενομένων , παρακαλεῖ τε μηδὲν ὑπονοεῖν κατ’ αὐτοῦ‎ προστιθεὶς ὅρκους καὶ δεινάς τινας ἀράς , δι’ ὧν ᾤετο πιστευθήσεσθαι περὶ ὧν ἐπέστειλεν .	¹⁰¹ John was now afraid for himself, since his treachery had failed, so he took his soldiers and moved from Tiberias to Gischala and wrote to me an apology, as if what had been done had been without his approval and asking me not to think badly of him. He ended with oaths and horrible curses, to confirm the contents of his letter.
^[102] Οἱ δὲ Γαλιλαῖοι , πολλοὶ γὰρ ἕτεροι πάλιν ἐκ τῆς χώρας πάσης ἀνήχθησαν μεθ’ ὅπλων , εἰδότες τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὡς πονηρός ἐστιν καὶ ἐπίορκος , παρεκάλουν ἀγαγεῖν σφᾶς ἐπ’ αὐτόν , ἄρδην ἀφανίσειν ἐπαγγελλόμενοι σὺν αὐτῷ καὶ τὰ Γίσχαλα .	¹⁰² The Galileans, since many more from the whole region had gathered in arms, knowing the man as a villain and a perjurer, asked me to lead them against him, to exterminate both him and Gischala.
^[103] Χάριν μὲν οὖν ἔχειν αὐτῶν ταῖς προθυμίαις ὡμολόγουν ἐγὼ καὶ νικήσειν αὐτῶν τὴν εὔνοιαν ἐπηγγελλόμην , παρεκάλουν δ’ ὅμως ἐπισχεῖν αὐτοὺς ἀξιῶν καὶ συγγινώσκειν μοι δεόμενος προῃρημένῳ τὰς ταραχὰς χωρὶς φόνων Καταστέλλειν . Καὶ πείσας τὸ πλῆθος τῶν Γαλιλαίων εἰς τὴν Σέπφωριν ἀφικνούμην .	¹⁰³ I expressed gratitude to them for their readiness to serve me and promised to more than repay their good-will ; but implored them to refrain and allow me do what I intended, which was to put an end to these troubles without bloodshed ; and when I had prevailed on the Galileans to let me do so, I came to Sepphoris.
^[104] Οἱ δὲ τὴν πόλιν ταύτην κατοικοῦντες ἄνδρες κεκρικότες τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐμμεῖναι πίστει , δεδιότες δὲ τὴν ἐμὴν ἄφιξιν , ἐπειράθησαν ἑτέρᾳ με πράξει περισπάσαντες ἀδεεῖς εἶναι περὶ ἑαυτῶν .	¹⁰⁴ The people of this city having decided to continue faithful to the Romans, were afraid of my arrival and sought security for themselves by diverting my attention elsewhere.
^[105] Καὶ δὴ πέμψαντες πρὸς Ἰησοῦν τὸν ἀρχιλῃστὴν εἰς τὴν Πτολεμαΐδος μεθορίαν ὑπέσχοντο δώσειν πολλὰ χρήματα θελήσαντι μετὰ τῆς σὺν αὐτῷ δυνάμεως , ἦσαν δ’ ὀκτακόσιοι τὸν ἀριθμόν , πόλεμον ἐξάψαι πρὸς ἡμᾶς .	¹⁰⁵ They sent to Joshua, the warlord of the brigands in the borders of Ptolemais, promising him a large amount of money, if he would come and make war on us with his troop, which numbered eight hundred.
^[106] Ὁ δ’ ὑπακούσας αὐτῶν ταῖς ὑποσχέσεσιν ἠθέλησεν ἐπιπεσεῖν ἡμῖν ἀνετοίμοις καὶ μηδὲν προγινώσκουσιν . Πέμψας γοῦν πρός με παρεκάλει λαβεῖν ἐξουσίαν ἀσπασόμενον ἀφικέσθαι . Συγχωρήσαντος δέ μου , τῆς γὰρ ἐπιβουλῆς οὐδὲν προηπιστάμην , ἀναλαβὼν τὸ σύνταγμα τῶν λῃστῶν ἔσπευδεν ἐπ’ ἐμέ .	¹⁰⁶ Complying with their offer, he wished to attack us when we were unprepared and knew nothing of his plans. So he sent to me asking for leave to come and pay his respects. When I had agreed, without knowing anything of his treacherous intentions, he brought his gang of brigands and hurried to come to me.
^[107] Οὐ μὴν ἔφθασεν αὐτοῦ‎ τέλος λαβεῖν ἡ κακουργία · πλησιάζοντος γὰρ ἤδη τῶν σὺν αὐτῷ τις αὐτομολήσας ἧκεν πρός με τὴν ἐπιχείρησιν αὐτοῦ‎ φράζων , κἀγὼ πυθόμενος ταῦτα προῆλθον εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν σκηψάμενος ἀγνοεῖν τὴν ἐπιβουλήν · ἐπηγόμην δὲ πολλοὺς ὁπλίτας Γαλιλαίους , τινὰς δὲ καὶ Τιβεριέων .	¹⁰⁷ Still in the end, his knavery did not succeed; for as he approached, one of his men deserted him and came to me and told me what he had undertaken to do. Learning this, I went into the public square and pretending to know nothing of his treacherous purpose, took with me many armed Galileans, and also some Tiberians.
^[108] Εἶτα προστάξας τὰς ὁδοὺς πάσας ἀσφαλέστατα φρουρεῖσθαι παρήγγειλα τοῖς ἐπὶ τῶν πυλῶν μόνον Ἰησοῦν , ἐπειδὰν παραγένηται , μετὰ τῶν πρώτων εἰσελθεῖν ἐᾶσαι , ἀποκλεῖσαι δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους , βιαζομένους δὲ τύπτειν .	¹⁰⁸ I ordered all the roads to be carefully guarded, and charged the gatekeepers to admit no one but Joshua and his leaders on their arrival, and to exclude the rest; and if they tried to force their way in, to repel them with blows.
^[109] Τῶν δὲ τὸ προσταχθὲν ποιησάντων εἰσῆλθεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς μετ’ ὀλίγων . Καὶ κελεύσαντος ἐμοῦ ῥῖψαι τὰ ὅπλα θᾶττον , εἰ γὰρ ἀπειθοίη τεθνήξεσθαι , περιεστῶτας ἰδὼν πανταχόθεν αὐτῷ τοὺς ὁπλίτας φοβηθεὶς ὑπήκουσεν · οἱ δ’ ἀποκλεισθέντες τῶν ἐπακολουθούντων αὐτῷ πυθόμενοι τὴν σύλληψιν ἔφυγον .	¹⁰⁹ They did as they were bidden and Joshua came in with a few others. When I told him to throw down his arms on the spot, and that if he refused he was a dead man, seeing soldiers all round him, he was terrified and complied ; and hearing of his capture, those of his followers who were locked out ran away.
^[110] Κἀγὼ τὸν Ἰησοῦν προσκαλεσάμενος κατ’ ἰδίαν οὐκ ἀγνοεῖν ἔφην τὴν ἐπ’ ἐμὲ συσκευασθεῖσαν ἐπιβουλὴν οὐδ’ ὑπὸ τίνων πεμφθείη , συγγνώσεσθαι δ’ ὅμως αὐτῷ τῶν πεπραγμένων , εἰ μέλλοι μετανοήσειν καὶ πιστὸς ἐμοὶ γενήσεσθαι .	¹¹⁰ I then called Joshua aside and told him I was not unaware of his treacherous design against me, and by whom he had been sent, but that I would forgive what he had done if he repented of it and would later be faithful to me.
^[111] Ὑπισχνουμένου δὲ πάντα ποιήσειν ἐκείνου ἀπέλυσα συγχωρήσας αὐτῷ συναγαγεῖν πάλιν οὓς πρότερον εἶχεν . Σεπφωρίταις δ’ ἠπείλησα , εἰ μὴ παύσαιντο τῆς ἀγνωμοσύνης , λήψεσθαι παρ’ αὐτῶν δίκας .	¹¹¹ When he promised all this, I let him go and allowed him to reassemble his former troop. But I threatened to punish the Sepphorites, if they did not give up their disgraceful behaviour.
^[112] Κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν καιρὸν ἀφικνοῦνται πρός με δύο μεγιστᾶνες τῶν ὑπὸ τὴν ἐξουσίαν τοῦ βασιλέως ἐκ τῆς τῶν Τραχωνιτῶν χώρας ἐπαγόμενοι τοὺς ἑαυτῶν ἵππους καὶ ὅπλα , χρήματα δ’ ὑποκομίζοντες .	¹¹² At this time two prominent men, subjects of the king [Agrippa], came to me from the region of Trachonitis, with their horses and armour and with money they had smuggled out.
^[113] Τούτους περιτέμνεσθαι τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἀναγκαζόντων , εἰ θέλουσιν εἶναι παρ’ αὐτοῖς , οὐκ εἴασα βιασθῆναι , φάσκων δεῖν ἕκαστον κατὰ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ προαίρεσιν τὸν θεὸν εὐσεβεῖν , ἀλλὰ μὴ μετὰ βίας , χρῆναι δὲ τούτους δι’ ἀσφάλειαν πρὸς ἡμᾶς καταφυγόντας μὴ μετανοεῖν . Πεισθέντος δὲ τοῦ πλήθους τοῖς ἥκουσιν ἀνδράσιν τὰ πρὸς τὴν συνήθη δίαιταν ἅπαντα παρεῖχον δαψιλῶς.	¹¹³ The Jews would have forced them to be circumcised, if they wanted to stay among them, but I would not let them be compelled and said that each should worship God according to his own preference and not to be forced; and that these men should not be so treated as to regret having fled to us for safety. When I had persuaded the people, I provided the men who had come to us with all they needed for their way of living.
^[114] Πέμπει δ’ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἀγρίππας δύναμιν καὶ στρατηγὸν ἐπ’ αὐτῆς Αἴκουον Μόδιον Γάμαλα τὸ φρούριον ἐξαιρήσοντας . Οἱ δὲ πεμφθέντες κυκλώσασθαι μὲν τὸ φρούριον οὐκ ἤρκεσαν , ἐν δὲ τοῖς φανεροῖς τῶν τόπων ἐφεδρεύοντες ἐπολιόρκουν τὰ Γάμαλα.	¹¹⁴ King Agrippa sent an army under Aequus Modius to destroy the Gamala fortress. However, those sent were not enough to fully surround the citadel but camped in front of it in the open ground and tried to besiege it.
^[115] Αἰβούτιος δὲ ὁ δεκάδαρχος, ὁ τοῦ μεγάλου πεδίου τὴν προστασίαν πεπιστευμένος , ἀκούσας ὅτι παρείην εἰς Σιμωνιάδα κώμην ἐν μεθορίοις κειμένην τῆς Γαλιλαίας , αὐτοῦ‎ δ’ ἀπέχουσαν ἑξήκοντα σταδίους , νυκτὸς ἀναλαβὼν τοὺς ἑκατὸν ἱππεῖς , οὓς εἶχεν σὺν αὐτῷ , καί τινας πεζοὺς περὶ διακοσίους , καὶ τοὺς ἐν Γάβα Βηθήλῃ κατοικοῦντας ἐπαγόμενος συμμάχους , νυκτὸς ὁδεύσας ἧκεν εἰς τὴν κώμην , ἐν ᾗ διέτριβον .	¹¹⁵ When Ebutius the decurion, who was entrusted with ruling the great plain, heard that I was at Simonias, a village on the borders of Galilee and sixty furlongs away. By night he took a hundred horsemen with him and about two hundred infantry, and brought the people of the city of Gaba with him as allies and marched at night and came to the village where I was quartered.
^[116] Ἀντιπαραταξαμένου δὲ κἀμοῦ μετὰ δυνάμεως πολλῆς ὁ μὲν Αἰβούτιος εἰς τὸ πεδίον ὑπάγειν ἡμᾶς ἐπειρᾶτο · σφόδρα γὰρ τοῖς ἱππεῦσιν ἐπεποίθει . Οὐ μὴν ὑπηκούσαμεν · ἐγὼ γὰρ τὸ πλεονέκτημα συνιδὼν τὸ γενησόμενον τοῖς ἱππεῦσιν , εἰ καταβαίημεν εἰς τὸ πεδίον , πεζοὶ γὰρ ἡμεῖς σύμπαντες ἦμεν , ἔγνων αὐτοῦ‎ τοῖς πολεμίοις συνάπτειν .	¹¹⁶ I ranged my considerable forces opposite him, but Ebutius tried to draw us down into the plain, depending greatly upon his horsemen; but we would not come down, for I saw the advantage his horsemen would have if we came down into the plain, while we were all infantry; I resolved to fight the enemy on my own ground.
^[117] Καὶ μέχρι μέν τινος γενναίως ἀντέσχεν σὺν τοῖς περὶ αὐτὸν ὁ Αἰβούτιος , ἀχρεῖον δ’ ὁρῶν κατὰ τὸν τόπον τοῦτον οὖσαι αὐτῷ τὴν ἱππικὴν δύναμιν ἀναζεύγνυσιν ἄπρακτος εἰς Γάβαν πόλιν , τρεῖς ἄνδρας ἀποβαλὼν κατὰ τὴν μάχην .	¹¹⁷ Ebutius and his party made a courageous stand for some time; but seing that his horsemen were useless to him in that place, he went back to the city of Gaba, having lost three men in the fight.
^[118] Εἱπόμην δὲ κατὰ πόδας ἐγὼ δισχιλίους ἐπαγόμενος ὁπλίτας , καὶ περὶ Βήσαραν πόλιν γενόμενος ἐν μεθορίῳ μὲν τῆς Πτολεμαΐδος κειμένην , εἴκοσι δ’ ἀπέχουσαν στάδια τῆς Γάβας , ἔνθα διέτριβεν Αἰβούτιος , στήσας τοὺς ὁπλίτας ἔξωθεν τῆς κώμης καὶ φρουρεῖν αὐτοῖς ἀσφαλῶς τὰς ὁδοὺς προστάξας ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ ἐνοχλῆσαι τοὺς πολεμίους ἡμῖν ἕως τὸν σῖτον ἐκφορήσομεν ,	¹¹⁸ I pursued him directly with two thousand infantry ; and when I was near the town of Besara, on the borders of Ptolemais, twenty furlongs from Gaba, where Ebutius was, I placed my men outside the village with orders to carefully guard the passes so that the enemy might not disturb us while we were removing the corn.
^[119] πολὺς γὰρ ἀπέκειτο Βερενίκης τῆς βασιλίδος ἐκ τῶν πέριξ κωμῶν εἰς τὴν Βήσαραν συλλεγόμενος , πληρώσας τὰς καμήλους καὶ τοὺς ὄνους , πολλοὺς ἐπηγόμην , διέπεμψα τὸν σῖτον εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν .	¹¹⁹ There was a large extent of it belonging to queen Berenice that had been collected from the neighbouring villages into Besara ; so I loaded the many camels and donkeys I had brought along with me and sent the corn into Galilee.
^[120] Τοῦτο δὲ πράξας προεκαλούμην εἰς μάχην τὸν Αἰβούτιον , οὐχ ὑπακούσαντος δ’ ἐκείνου , κατεπέπληκτο γὰρ τὴν [ ἡμετέραν ] ἑτοιμότητα καὶ τὸ θράσος , ἐπὶ Νεοπολιτανὸν ἐτραπόμην τὴν Τιβεριέων χώραν ἀκούσας ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ‎ λεηλατεῖσθαι .	¹²⁰ Having done this, I called Ebutius to battle ; but when he declined, awed by our spirit and courage, I turned against Neopolitanus, having heard that he was ravaging the country about Tiberias.
^[121] Ἦν δὲ Νεοπολιτανὸς ἴλης μὲν ἔπαρχος , παρειλήφει δὲ τὴν Σκυθόπολιν εἰς φυλακὴν τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν πολεμίων . Τοῦτον οὖν κωλύσας ἐπὶ πλέον τὴν Τιβεριέων κακοῦν περὶ τὴν τῆς Γαλιλαίας πρόνοιαν ἐγινόμην .	¹²¹ Neopolitanus was captain of a troop of horsemen, commissioned to guard Scythopolis entrusted from the enemy
^[122] Ὁ δὲ τοῦ Λευεῖ παῖς Ἰωάννης , ὃν ἔφαμεν ἐν τοῖς Γισχάλοις διατρίβειν , πυθόμενος πάντα κατὰ νοῦν μοι προχωρεῖν , καὶ δι’ εὐνοίας μὲν εἶναί με τοῖς ὑπηκόοις , τοῖς πολεμίοις δὲ δι’ ἐκπλήξεως , οὐκ εὖ τὴν γνώμην ἐτέθη , κατάλυσιν δ’ αὐτῷ τὴν ἐμὴν εὐπραγίαν φέρειν νομίζων εἰς φθόνον ἐξώκειλεν οὔτι μέτριον.	¹²² But when John, son of Levi, who was at Gischala as I have said, learned how all things were succeeding for me and that I was popular with my subjects, and feared by the enemy, he was not pleased, seeing my prosperity as tending to his ruin, so he was full of bitter envy.
^[123] Καὶ παύσειν με τῆς εὐτυχίας ἐλπίσας , εἰ παρὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων μῖσος ἐξάψειεν , ἔπειθεν τοὺς τὴν Τιβεριάδα κατοικοῦντας καὶ τοὺς τὴν Σέπφωριν [ νομίζων ] πρὸς τούτοις δὲ καὶ τοὺς Γάβαρα, πόλεις δ’ εἰσὶν αὗται τῶν κατὰ τὴν Γαλιλαίαν αἱ μέγισται , τῆς πρός με πίστεως ἀποστάντας αὐτῷ προστίθεσθαι · κρεῖττον γὰρ ἐμοῦ στρατηγήσειν αὐτῶν ἔφασκεν .	¹²³ Hoping that if he could stir up my subjects to hate me, he could end my prosperity, he tried to persuade the Tiberians and Sepphoris and Gabara, the greatest cities of Galilee, to revolt from their subjection to me and come to him, assuring them that he would be a better commander than I was.
^[124] Καὶ Σεπφωρεῖς μέν , οὐδετέρῳ γὰρ ἡμῶν προσεῖχον διὰ τὸ Ῥωμαίους ᾑρῆσθαι δεσπότας , οὐκ ἐπένευον αὐτῷ , Τιβεριεῖς δὲ τὴν μὲν ἀπόστασιν οὐκ ἐδέχοντο, αὐτοῦ‎ δὲ συγκατένευον γενέσθαι φίλοι , οἱ δὲ Γάβαρα κατοικοῦντες προστίθενται τῷ Ἰωάννῃ · Σίμων δ’ ἦν ὁ παρακαλῶν αὐτούς , πρωτεύων μὲν τῆς πόλεως , ὡς φίλῳ δὲ καὶ ἑταίρῳ τῷ Ἰωάννῃ χρώμενος .	¹²⁴ Sepphoris belonged to neither of us, as they had chosen allegiance to the Romans, paid no heed to him ; Tiberias, while declining to revolt, aligned themselves as his friends ; while Gabara did go over to John, at the persuasion of Simon, a leading man in the city and a particular friend and companion of John.
^[125] Ἐκ μὲν οὖν τοῦ φανεροῦ τὴν ἀπόστασιν οὐχ ὡμολόγουν · σφόδρα γὰρ ἐδεδοίκεσαν τοὺς Γαλιλαίους ἅτε δὴ πεῖραν αὐτῶν τῆς πρὸς ἡμᾶς πολλάκις εὐνοίας λαβόντες · ἐκ τοῦ λεληθότος δὲ καιρὸν παραφυλάσσοντες ἐπιτήδειον ἐπεβούλευον , καὶ δὴ ἀφικόμην εἰς κίνδυνον τὸν μέγιστον διὰ τοιαύτην αἰτίαν .	¹²⁵ The people of Gabara did not openly admit their revolt, fearing the Galileans, as they had frequently seen their good-will toward me; still they secretly sought opportunity to lay snares for me, and I was in the greatest danger, for the following reason.

Chapter 6 Josephus's intentions are misunderstood
126-144

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^[126] Νεανίσκοι Νεανίσκοι τινὲς θρασεῖς Δαβαριττηνοὶ γένος ἐπιτηρήσαντες τὴν Πτολεμαίου γυναῖκα τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιτρόπου μετὰ πολλῆς παρασκευῆς καί τινων ἱππέων ἀσφαλείας χάριν ἑπομένων διὰ τοῦ μεγάλου πεδίου τὴν πορείαν ποιουμένην ἐκ τῆς τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν ὑποτελοῦς χώρας εἰς τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἐπικράτειαν , ἐπιπίπτουσιν αὐτοῖς ἄφνω .	¹²⁶ Some daring young men of the village of Dabaritta laid an ambush for the wife of the king's procurator Ptolemy, who, with a mighty attendance and some horsemen as an escort, was travelling over the great plain from territory subject to royal authority into the jurisdiction of the Romans.
^[127] Καὶ τὴν μὲν γυναῖκα φυγεῖν ἠνάγκασαν , ὅσα δ’ ἐπεφέρετο πάντα διήρπασαν , καὶ ἧκον εἰς Ταριχέας πρός με τέσσαρας ἡμιόνους καταφόρτους ἄγοντες ἐσθῆτος καὶ σκευῶν · ἦν δὲ καὶ ἀργυρίου σταθμὸς οὐκ ὀλίγος καὶ χρυσοῖ πεντακόσιοι .	¹²⁷ They fell upon them suddenly and forced Ptolemy's wife to flee and plundered all her things. They came to me to Tarichea, with four mules' loaded with clothing and other items and a large amount of silver and five hundred pieces of gold.
^[128] Ταῦτ’ ἐγὼ βουλόμενος διαφυλάξαι τῷ Πτολεμαίῳ , καὶ γὰρ ἦν ὁμόφυλος , ἀπηγόρευται δ’ ἡμῖν ὑπὸ τῶν νόμων μηδὲ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἀποστερεῖν , πρὸς μὲν τοὺς κομίσαντας ἔφην φυλάττειν αὐτὰ δεῖν , ἵν’ ἐκ τῆς πράσεως αὐτῶν ἐπισκευασθῇ τὰ τείχη τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων ,	¹²⁸ I wished to keep these spoils for Ptolemy, who was my countryman and our laws forbid us even to spoil our enemies ; so I told those who brought these spoils, that they should be kept, in order to rebuild the ramparts of Jerusalem with them when they came to be sold.
^[129] οἱ δὲ νεανίαι χαλεπῶς ἔσχον οὐ λαβόντες μοῖραν ἐκ τῶν λαφύρων , καθάπερ προσεδόκησαν , καὶ πορευθέντες εἰς τὰς πέριξ τῆς Τιβεριάδος κώμας προδιδόναι μέλλειν με Ῥωμαίοις τὴν χώραν αὐτῶν ἔλεγον ·	¹²⁹ But the young men were irritated not to receive a part of those spoils for themselves, as they expected ; so they went among the villages around Tiberias and told the people that I was going to betray their country to the Romans.
^[130] κεχρῆσθαι γὰρ σοφίσματι πρὸς αὐτοὺς λέγοντα τὰ ἐκ τῆς ἁρπαγῆς κομισθέντα φυλάττειν εἰς τὴν ἐπισκευὴν τῶν τειχῶν τῆς Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν πόλεως , ἐγνωκέναι δὲ πάλιν τῷ δεσπότῃ ἀποδοῦναι [ τὰ ἡρπασμένα .	¹³⁰ They said I had deceived them, when I said that what had been taken by their raid should be kept for rebuilding the ramparts of Jerusalem but really intended to restore these spoils again to their former owner.
^[131] Καὶ κατὰ τοῦτό γε τῆς ἐμῆς γνώμης οὐ διήμαρτον · ἀπαλλαγέντων γὰρ αὐτῶν μεταπεμψάμενος δύο τοὺς πρώτους Δασσίωνα καὶ Ἰανναῖον τὸν τοῦ Ληουῖ , φίλους ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα τοῦ βασιλέως καθεστῶτας , τὰ ἐκ τῆς ἁρπαγῆς σκεύη λαβόντας διαπέμψασθαι πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ἐκέλευον , θάνατον ἀπειλήσας αὐτοῖς τὴν ζημίαν , εἰ πρὸς ἕτερον ταῦτα ἀπαγγελοῦσιν .	¹³¹ Indeed they were not mistaken in this; for when I had gotten clear of them, I sent for two of the leading men, Dassion and Janneus the son of Levi, friends of the king, with orders to take the furniture that had been plundered and to send it to him; and I threatened to punish them with death if they reported this to anyone.
^[132] Ἐπισχούσης δὲ φήμης τὴν Γαλιλαίαν ἅπασαν , ὡς τῆς χώρας αὐτῶν μελλούσης ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις προδίδοσθαι καὶ πάντων παροξυνθέντων ἐπὶ τὴν ἐμὴν τιμωρίαν , οἱ τὰς Ταριχέας κατοικοῦντες καὶ αὐτοὶ τοὺς νεανίσκους ἀληθεύειν ὑπολαβόντες πείθουσι τοὺς σωματοφύλακας καὶ τοὺς ὁπλίτας κοιμώμενόν με καταλιπόντας παραγενέσθαι θᾶττον εἰς ἱππόδρομον , ὡς ἐκεῖ βουλευσομένους μετὰ πάντων περὶ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ .	¹³² When the rumour went round Galilee that I was about to betray their land to the Romans, all were outraged and quick to demand my punishment, with even the Taricheans crediting the young men's accusation. They persuaded my bodyguards and soldiers to leave me when I was asleep and to hurry to the hippodrome, to discuss how to deal with their commander.
^[133] Πειθομένων δὲ τούτων καὶ συνελθόντων πολὺς ὄχλος ἤδη προσυνήθροιστο , μίαν τε πάντες ἐποιοῦντο φωνήν , κολάζειν τὸν προδότην πονηρὸν περὶ αὐτοὺς γεγενημένον .	¹³³ When they had convinced them and they went there, they found a large group gathered, who were unanimously calling for punishment of one who was so base a traitor.
^[134] Μάλιστα δ’ αὐτοὺς ἐξέκαιεν ὁ τοῦ Σαπίθα παῖς Ἰησοῦς ἄρχων τότε τῆς Τιβεριάδος , πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος καὶ ταράξαι μεγάλα πράγματα φύσιν ἔχων στασιοποιός τε καὶ νεωτεριστὴς ὡς οὐχ ἕτερος , καὶ δὴ τότε λαβὼν εἰς χεῖρας τοὺς Μωυσέως νόμους καὶ προελθὼν εἰς μέσον ,	¹³⁴ The main instigator was Joshua, the son of Sapphias, a ruler in Tiberias, an evil man naturally drawn to trouble-making in major matters, an uncommon rabble-rouser and revolutionary. Taking the law of Moses into his hands he came among the people and said,
^[135] " Εἰ μὴ καὶ ὑπὲρ αὑτῶν , ἔφη , πολῖται , μισεῖν δύνασθε Ἰώσηπον , εἰς τοὺς πατρίους ἀποβλέψαντες νόμους , ὧν ὁ πρῶτος ὑμῶν στρατηγὸς προδότης ἔμελλε γίνεσθαι , καὶ μισοπονηρήσαντες ὑπὲρ τούτων τιμωρήσασθε τὸν τοιαῦτα τολμήσαντα ."	¹³⁵ "Fellow citizens, even if you cannot bring yourselves to hate Josephus, look to these laws of your country, which your highest commander is going to betray, and on their account hate and punish so insolent a criminal."
^[136] Ταῦτ’ εἰπὼν καὶ τοῦ πλήθους ἐπιβοήσαντος ἀναλαβών τινας ὁπλίτας ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκίαν , ἐν ᾗ κατηγόμην , ἔσπευδεν ὡς ἀναιρήσων . Ἐγὼ δ’ οὐδὲν προαισθόμενος διὰ κόπον πρὸ τῆς ταραχῆς κατεσχήμην .	¹³⁶ When his speech was openly applauded, he hurried with some of the soldiers to the house where I lodged, to kill me. Completely unaware of this, and weary from my efforts, I had fallen asleep.
^[137] Σίμων δ’ ὁ τοῦ σώματός μου τὴν φυλακὴν πεπιστευμένος , ὁ καὶ μόνος παραμείνας , ἰδὼν τὴν ἐπιδρομὴν τῶν πολιτῶν διήγειρέ με καὶ τὸν ἐφεστῶτά μοι κίνδυνον ἐξήγγειλεν , ἠξίου τε γενναίως θνήσκειν ὡς στρατηγὸν ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ‎ πρὶν δὴ ἐλθεῖν τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἀναγκάσοντας ἢ κτενοῦντας .	¹³⁷ But my bodyguard, Simon, who alone was with me, seeing the onrush of the citizens toward me, woke me and told me of my imminent danger and asked me to die bravely, by my own hand, like a commander, before my enemies arrived and compelled me, or killed me themselves.
^[138] Ὁ μὲν ταῦτα ἔλεγεν , ἐγὼ δὲ τῷ θεῷ τὰ κατ’ ἐμαυτὸν ἐπιτρέψας εἰς τὸ πλῆθος ὡρμήθην προελθεῖν . Μετενδὺς οὖν μέλαιναν ἐσθῆτα καὶ τὸ ξίφος ἀπαρτησάμενος ἐκ τοῦ αὐχένος καθ’ ὁδὸν ἑτέραν , ᾗ μηδένα μοι τῶν πολεμίων ὑπαντιάσειν ᾤμην , ᾔειν εἰς τὸν ἱππόδρομον , ἄφνω τε φανεὶς καὶ πρηνὴς πεσὼν καὶ τὴν γῆν δάκρυσιν φύρων ἐλεεινὸς ἔδοξα πᾶσιν .	¹³⁸ That is what he said ; but I committed my life to God and made haste to go out to the people. Changing into a black robe and hanging my sword from my neck, I went to the hippodrome by a different road, where I expected none of my enemies to meet me ; then appearing among them suddenly, I fell down prone and wet the ground with my tears, seeming pitiful to them all.
^[139] Συνεὶς δὲ τοῦ πλήθους τὴν μεταβολὴν διιστάναι τὰς γνώμας αὐτῶν ἐπειρώμην πρὸ τοῦ τοὺς ὁπλίτας ἀπὸ τῆς οἰκίας ὑποστρέψαι . Καὶ συνεχώρουν μὲν ἀδικεῖν , ὡς αὐτοὶ νομίζουσιν , ἐδεόμην δὲ διδάξαι πρότερον , εἰς τίνα χρείαν ἐφύλαττον τὰ ἐκ τῆς ἁρπαγῆς κομισθέντα χρήματα καὶ τότε θνήσκειν , εἰ κελεύοιεν .	¹³⁹ Perceiving the change this made in the people, I tried to divide their opinions before the soldiers returned from my house. I implored them that, even if I were as wicked as they supposed, they first let me tell them the reason I had reserved the money arising from the raid, and afterward they might kill me if they pleased.
^[140] Τοῦ δὲ πλήθους λέγειν κελεύοντος ἐπῆλθον οἱ ὁπλῖται καὶ θεασάμενοί με προσέτρεχον ὡς κτενοῦντες . Ἐπισχεῖν δὲ τοῦ πλήθους κελεύοντος ἐπείσθησαν προσδοκῶντες , ἐπειδὰν ὁμολογήσω πρὸς αὐτοὺς τὰ χρήματα τῷ βασιλεῖ τετηρηκέναι , ὡς ὡμολογηκότα τὴν προδοσίαν ἀναιρήσειν.	¹⁴⁰ Just as the people were telling me to speak, the soldiers arrived and seeing me, rushed to kill me; but at the people's bidding, they held off, expecting that when I admitted to having kept the money for the king, I would be killed as having confessed to treason.
^[141] Σιγῆς οὖν παρὰ πάντων γενομένης , « ἄνδρες , εἶπον , ὁμόφυλοι , θανεῖν μέν , εἰ δίκαιόν ἐστιν , οὐ παραιτοῦμαι . Βούλομαι δ’ ὅμως πρὸ τοῦ τελευτῆσαι τὴν ἀλήθειαν φράσαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς ·	¹⁴¹ When all were silent therefore, I said to them : "My countrymen! I do not refuse to die, if that is just. However, before I die, I want to tell you the truth of this matter.
^[142] τὴν γὰρ πόλιν ταύτην φιλοξενωτάτην οὖσαν ἐπιστάμενος πληθύουσάν τε προθύμως τοσούτων ἀνδρῶν , οἳ τὰς ἑαυτῶν πατρίδας καταλιπόντες ἀφίκοντο κοινωνοὶ τῆς ἡμετέρας γενόμενοι τύχης , ἐβουλήθην τείχη κατασκευάσαι ἐκ τῶν χρημάτων , περὶ ὧν ἡ παρ’ ὑμῶν ἐστιν ὀργή ,	¹⁴² Since I know this to be a city of great hospitality, filled with many who have left their own countries and come here to share in your fortune, whatever it be, I wished to fortify it using this money, about which you are so angry with me, although it be spent in building your own walls."
^[143] δαπανωμένων εἰς τὴν οἰκοδομίαν αὐτῶν.» Πρὸς ταῦτα παρὰ μὲν τῶν Ταριχεωτῶν καὶ ξένων ἐγείρεται φωνὴ χάριν ἔχειν ὁμολογούντων καὶ θαρρεῖν προτρεπομένων , Γαλιλαῖοι δὲ καὶ Τιβεριεῖς τοῖς θυμοῖς ἐπέμενον , καὶ γίνεται στάσις πρὸς ἀλλήλους τῶν μὲν κολάσειν ἀπειλούντων με τῶν δὲ καταφρονεῖν .	¹⁴³ As I said this, the Taricheans and their guests cried out that they were grateful to me and told me to be of good courage, although the Galileans and the Tiberians continued wrathful against me, so that a dispute arose among them, one side threatening to kill me and the other bidding me not to heed them.
^[144] Ἐπεὶ δ’ ἐπηγγειλάμην καὶ Τιβεριάδι κατασκευάσειν τείχη καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις πόλεσιν αὐτῶν ταῖς ἀναγκαίαις , πιστεύσαντες ὑπεχώρουν ἕκαστος εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ . Κἀγὼ παρὰ πᾶσαν ἐλπίδα διαφυγὼν τὸν προειρημένον κίνδυνον μετὰ τῶν φίλων καὶ ὁπλιτῶν εἴκοσιν εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν ὑπέστρεψα .	¹⁴⁴ When I further promised that I would provide walls at Tiberias and at other cities that wanted them, they believed my promise and they all returned home. So, unexpectedly, I escaped the danger and returned to my own house, accompanied by my friends and twenty soldiers.

Chapter 7 Josephus forestalls his enemies
145-184

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^[145] Πάλιν δ’ οἱ λῃσταὶ καὶ τῆς στάσεως αἴτιοι δείσαντες περὶ ἑαυτῶν , μὴ δίκας εἰσπραχθῶσιν ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ τῶν πεπραγμένων , ἀναλαβόντες ἑξακοσίους ὁπλίτας ἧκον ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκίαν ἔνθα διέτριβον ἐμπρήσοντες αὐτήν .	¹⁴⁵ Then, afraid that I might punish them for their actions, these brigands and other authors of this revolt took six hundred soldiers and came to the house where I lodged, to set it on fire.
^[146] Ἀπαγγελθείσης δέ μοι τῆς ἐφόδου φεύγειν μὲν ἀπρεπὲς ἡγησάμην , ἔκρινα δὲ παραβαλόμενος χρήσασθαί τι καὶ τόλμῃ . Προστάξας οὖν ἀποκλεῖσαι τῆς οἰκίας τὰς θύρας αὐτὸς ἐπὶ τὸ ὑπερῷον ἀναβὰς παρεκάλουν εἰσπέμψαι τινὰς ληψομένους τὰ χρήματα · παύσεσθαι γὰρ οὕτως τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοὺς ἔφην .	¹⁴⁶ When I heard of their plan I thought it would be indecent to run away and resolved to expose myself to danger and to act boldly so I had the doors locked and went up to an upper room, asking them to send in some of their men to receive the money and in this way allay their anger at me.
^[147] Εἰσπεμψάντων δὲ τὸν θρασύτατον αὐτῶν μάστιξιν αἰκισάμενος τὴν ἑτέραν τε τῶν χειρῶν ἀποκόψαι κελεύσας καὶ κρεμάσαι ἐκ τοῦ τραχήλου τοιοῦτον ἐξέβαλον πρὸς τοὺς ἐξαποστείλαντας .	¹⁴⁷ When they had sent in one of the boldest of them all, I had him severely scourged and had one of his hands cut off and hung about his neck ; and sent him out in this state to those who sent him.
^[148] Τοὺς δ’ ἔλαβεν ἔκπληξις καὶ φόβος οὔτι μέτριος . Δείσαντες οὖν καὶ αὐτοὶ ταὐτὰ πείσεσθαι , εἰ μένοιεν , εἴκαζον γὰρ ἔνδον ἔχειν με πλείους αὐτῶν , εἰς φυγὴν ὥρμησαν . Κἀγὼ τοιούτῳ στρατηγήματι χρησάμενος τὴν δευτέραν ἐπιβουλὴν διέφυγον .	¹⁴⁸ This struck them with fright and alarm, for fear they should be similarly treated themselves if they stayed ; and thinking that I had indoors more forces than they had, they hurried away. By this ruse, I escaped the second plot.
^[149] Πάλιν δὲ τὸν ὄχλον τινὲς ἠρέθιζον τοὺς ἀφικομένους πρός με βασιλικοὺς μεγιστᾶνας οὐκ ὀφείλειν ζῆν λέγοντες μὴ μεταβῆναι θέλοντας εἰς τὰ παρ’ αὐτοῖς ἔθη , πρὸς οὓς σωθησόμενοι πάρεισι · διέβαλλόν τε φαρμακέας εἶναι λέγοντες τοὺς Ῥωμαίους παραγενέσθαι . Ταχὺ δὲ τὸ πλῆθος ἐπείθετο ταῖς τῶν λεγομένων πρὸς χάριν αὐτοῖς πιθανότησιν ἀπατώμενοι .	¹⁴⁹ But there were still some who stirred up the people against me, saying that the king's noble vassals must not be allowed to live, unless they conformed to the customs of those to whom they fled for safety ; they also accused them as sorcerers who made it impossible to deal with the Romans. The crowd was soon swayed by such empty allegations and accepted them as true.
^[150] Πυθόμενος δὲ περὶ τούτων ἐγὼ πάλιν τὸν δῆμον ἀνεδίδασκον μὴ δεῖν διώκεσθαι τοὺς καταφυγόντας πρὸς αὐτούς · τὸν δὲ φλύαρον τῆς περὶ τῶν φαρμάκων αἰτίας διέσυρον , οὐκ ἂν τοσαύτας μυριάδας στρατιωτῶν Ῥωμαίους λέγων τρέφειν , εἰ διὰ φαρμάκων ἦν νικᾶν τοὺς πολεμίους .	¹⁵⁰ Learning of this, I again taught the people that those who fled to them for refuge ought not to be persecuted. I also laughed at the allegation about witchcraft, telling them that the Romans would not maintain so many thousand of soldiers, if they could overcome their enemies by sorcerers.
^[151] Ταῦτα λέγοντος ἐμοῦ πρὸς ὀλίγον μὲν ἐπείθοντο , πάλιν δ’ ἀναχωρήσαντες ὑπὸ τῶν πονηρῶν ἐξηρεθίζοντο κατὰ τῶν μεγιστάνων , καί ποτε μεθ’ ὅπλων ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτῶν τὴν ἐν Ταριχέᾳ ἀπῆλθον ὡς ἀναιρήσοντες .	¹⁵¹ As I said this, the people assented for a while ; but they changed again later, stirred up by some evil people against the nobles ; indeed they once made an attack on the house where they lived at Tarichea, in order to kill them.
^[152] Ἔδεισα δ’ ἐγὼ πυθόμενος , μὴ τοῦ μύσους τέλος λαβόντος ἀνεπίβατος γένηται τοῖς καταφυγεῖν εἰς αὐτὴν θέλουσιν .	¹⁵² I feared that if so terrible a crime took place no one else would make that city their refuge any more.
^[153] Παρεγενόμην οὖν εἰς τὴν τῶν μεγιστάνων οἰκίαν μετά τινων ἑτέρων , καὶ κλείσας διώρυγά τε ποιήσας ἀπ’ αὐτῆς ἐπὶ τὴν λίμνην ἄγουσαν μεταπεμψάμενός τε πλοῖον καὶ σὺν αὐτοῖς ἐμβὰς ἐπὶ τὴν μεθόριον τῶν Ἱππηνῶν διεπέρασα , καὶ δοὺς αὐτοῖς τὴν τιμὴν τῶν ἵππων , οὐ γὰρ ἠδυνήθην αὐτοὺς ἐπαγαγέσθαι τοιαύτης γενομένης τῆς ἀποδράσεως , ἀπέλυσα πολλὰ παρακαλέσας τὴν προσπεσοῦσαν ἀνάγκην γενναίως ἐνεγκεῖν .	¹⁵³ Therefore with some others I came to the house where these nobles lived and locked the doors and had a trench dug from their house leading to the lake and sent for a ship and embarked in it with them and sailed to the borders of Hippos. I also paid them the value of their horses, for their horses could not have been brought in such a flight, and then dismissed them, earnestly imploring them to courageously bear their fate.
^[154] Αὐτός τε μεγάλως ἠχθόμην βιασθεὶς τοὺς προσφυγόντας ἐκθεῖναι πάλιν εἰς τὴν πολεμίαν , ἄμεινον δὲ νομίσας παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις ἀποθανεῖν αὐτούς , εἰ συμπέσοι , μᾶλλον ἢ κατὰ τὴν ἐμὴν χώραν . Οἱ δ’ ἄρα διεσώθησαν · συνεχώρησεν γὰρ αὐτοῖς βασιλεὺς Ἀγρίππας τὰ ἡμαρτημένα . Καὶ τὰ μὲν περὶ ἐκείνους τοῦτ’ ἔσχε τὸ τέλος .	¹⁵⁴ I was also myself very unhappy to have to expel those refugees again to enemy soil but thought it preferable for them to die at Roman hands, if so it happened than in the area under my control. However, they finally escaped and king Agrippa pardoned their offenses; and so this episode ended.
^[155] Οἱ δὲ τὴν τῶν Τιβεριέων πόλιν κατοικοῦντες γράφουσιν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα παρακαλοῦντες πέμψαι δύναμιν τὴν φυλάξουσαν αὐτῶν τὴν χώραν · θέλειν γὰρ αὐτῷ προστίθεσθαι . Κἀκείνῳ μὲν ταῦτ’ ἔγραφον .	¹⁵⁵ The Tiberians wrote to the king, asking him to send troops to guard their territory, as they wanted to come over to him; that was what they wrote to him.
^[156] Ἀφικόμενον δέ με πρὸς αὐτοὺς παρεκάλουν τὰ τείχη κατασκευάζειν αὐτοῖς , ὡς ὑπεσχήμην · ἠκηκόεισαν δὲ τὰς Ταριχέας ἤδη τετειχίσθαι . Κατανεύσας οὖν ἐγὼ καὶ πάντα τὰ πρὸς τὴν οἰκοδομίαν παρασκευασάμενος τοὺς ἀρχιτέκτονας ἐκέλευον ἐνεργεῖν .	¹⁵⁶ But when I reached them, they asked me to build their walls as I had promised, since they had heard that the ramparts of Tarichea were already built; I agreed to their proposal and having made preparations for the building, I set the architects to work.
^[157] μετὰ δὲ τρίτην ἡμέραν εἰς Ταριχέας ἀπερχομένου μου τῆς Τιβεριάδος ἀπεχούσας στάδια τριάκοντα , συνέβη τινὰς Ῥωμαίων ἱππεῖς οὐ πόρρωθεν τῆς πόλεως ὁδοιποροῦντας ὀφθῆναι , οἳ δόξαν παρέσχον τὴν παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως δύναμιν ἥκειν .	¹⁵⁷ But on the third day, when I had gone to Tarichea, thirty furlongs from Tiberias, some Roman horsemen happened to be seen on the march, not far from the city, which made it seem that the king's forces were arriving.
^[158] Εὐθέως γοῦν εἰς μὲν τὸν βασιλέα μετὰ πολλῶν ἐπαίνων ἠφίεσαν φωνάς , κατ’ ἐμοῦ δὲ βλασφήμους . Καὶ ἐπιδραμών τις ἀπήγγειλέν μοι τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν , ὡς ἀφίστασθαί μου διεγνώκασιν .	¹⁵⁸ Instantly they shouted and lifted up their voices in praise of the king and in curses against me. Someone came running to me and told me of their mood and how they were resolved to revolt from me.
^[159] Ἐγὼ δ’ ἀκούσας ἐταράχθην μὲν σφόδρα · τοὺς γὰρ ὁπλίτας ἔτυχον ἐκ τῶν Ταριχεῶν ἐπὶ τὰς αὐτῶν οἰκήσεις ἀφεικὼς διὰ τὸ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν ἡμέραν σάββατον ὑπάρχειν · οὐ γὰρ ἐβουλόμην ὑπὸ τοῦ στρατιωτικοῦ πλήθους ἐνοχλεῖσθαι τοὺς ἐν ταῖς Ταριχέαις .	¹⁵⁹ Hearing this I was much alarmed ; for from Tarichea I had already sent my soldiers off to their homes, because the next day was our Sabbath, when I wanted the Taricheans to be untroubled by the soldiers' presence.
^[160] Ὁσάκις γοῦν ἐν αὐταῖς διέτριβον οὐδὲ τῆς περὶ τὸ σῶμα φυλακῆς ἐποιούμην πρόνοιαν , πεῖραν παρὰ τῶν ἐνοικούντων τῆς πρός με πίστεως λαβὼν πολλάκις .	¹⁶⁰ Indeed, whenever I was in that city, I never took particular care to have a bodyguard because I had had frequent instances of its inhabitants' fidelity to me.
^[161] Μόνους δ’ ἔχων περὶ ἐμαυτὸν ἑπτὰ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν καὶ τοὺς φίλους ἠπόρουν , ὃ πράξω · μεταπέμψασθαι γὰρ τὴν ἐμὴν δύναμιν διὰ τὸ λήγειν ἤδη τὴν ἐνεστῶσαν ἡμέραν οὐκ ἐδοκίμαζον · οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀφικομένης αὐτῆς εἰς τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν ὅπλα λαβεῖν κωλυόντων ἡμᾶς τῶν νόμων , κἂν μεγάλη τις ἐπείγειν ἀνάγκη δοκῇ .	¹⁶¹ Now I had round me no more than seven soldiers, along with some friends, and was doubtful what to do ; for I did not think it right to send to recall my own forces, as that day was almost over.
^[162] Εἰ δὲ τοῖς Ταριχεώταις καὶ τοῖς παρ’ αὐτοῖς ξένοις ἐπιτρέψαιμι τὴν πόλιν διαρπάζειν , ἑώρων οὐχ ἱκανοὺς ἐσομένους , τὴν ἐμὴν ὑπέρθεσιν ἑώρων μακροτάτην · φθήσεσθαι γὰρ καὶ τὴν παρὰ βασιλέως δύναμιν ἀφικομένην , καὶ ἐκπεσεῖσθαι τῆς πόλεως ᾠόμην .	¹⁶² Even had those forces been with me, I could not take up arms the next day, since our laws forbade us to do so, even though our need be great. If I should permit the Taricheans and the strangers with them, to guard the city, I saw that they would be inadequate for that purpose and that my own action would come too late. The forces coming from the king would precede me and I would be driven out of the city.
^[163] Ἐβουλευόμην οὖν στρατηγήματι χρῆσθαί τινι κατ’ αὐτῶν . Παραχρῆμα δὴ τοὺς πιστοτάτους τῶν φίλων ταῖς πύλαις τῶν Ταριχεῶν ἐπιστήσας φυλάξοντας μετ’ ἀσφαλείας τοὺς ἐξιέναι θέλοντας καὶ τοὺς πρώτους τῶν οἴκων προσκαλεσάμενος , αὐτῶν ἕκαστον ἐκέλευσα καθελκύσαντα πλοῖον ἐμβάντα συνεπαγόμενον τὸν κυβερνήτην ἕπεσθαί μοι πρὸς τὴν Τιβεριέων πόλιν .	¹⁶³ So I thought to be rid of these forces by a ruse; immediately I placed my most trusted friends at the gates of Tarichea, to watch carefully those who went out at those gates. I also called to me the heads of families and bade them each to seize a boat and launch it with a steersman, and follow me to Tiberias.
^[164] Καὶ αὐτὸς δὲ μετὰ τῶν φίλων καὶ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν , οὓς ἔφην ἑπτὰ τὸν ἀριθμὸν εἶναι , ἐμβὰς ἔπλεον ἐπὶ τὴν Τιβεριάδα .	¹⁶⁴ I myself set sail with my friends and the seven soldiers already mentioned and sailed for Tiberias.
^[165] Τιβεριεῖς δὲ τὴν παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως δύναμιν ὡς ἔγνωσαν οὐχ ἥκουσαν αὐτοῖς , πλοίων δὲ τὴν λίμνην πᾶσαν ἐθεάσαντο πλήρη , δείσαντες περὶ τῇ Βηθήλῃ καὶ καταπλαγέντες ὡς ἐπιβατῶν πλήρεις εἶναι νέας , μετατίθενται τὰς γνώμας .	¹⁶⁵ But now, when the Tiberians noticed that no forces had come from the king, yet saw the whole lake full of ships, they feared what would become of their city and terrified that the ships were fully manned, they changed their minds.
^[166] Ῥίψαντες οὖν τὰ ὅπλα μετὰ γυναικῶν καὶ παίδων ὑπηντίαζον πολλὰς μετ’ ἐπαίνων εἰς ἐμὲ φωνὰς ἀφιέντες , εἴκαζον γὰρ οὐ προπεπύσθαι με τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν , καὶ παρεκάλουν φείσασθαι τῆς πόλεως .	¹⁶⁶ They threw down their weapons and met me with their wives and children and made great acclamations to me, not knowing I was aware of their intentions, and persuaded me to spare the city.
^[167] Ἐγὼ δὲ πλησίον γενόμενος ἀγκύρας μὲν ἔτι πόρρω τῆς γῆς ἐκέλευον βαλέσθαι τοὺς κυβερνήτας ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ κατάδηλα τοῖς Τιβεριεῦσιν εἶναι τὰ πλοῖα κενὰ τῶν ἐπιβατῶν ὄντα , πλησιάσας δ’ αὐτὸς ἔν τινι πλοίῳ κατεμεμφόμην αὐτῶν τὴν ἄγνοιαν , καὶ ὅτι δὴ οὕτως εὐχερεῖς εἶεν πάσης δικαίας ἄνευ προφάσεως ἐξίστασθαι τῆς πρός με πίστεως .	¹⁶⁷ When I drew near, I ordered the masters of the ships to anchor far enough from shore that the Tiberians would not realise that the ships had no passengers on board. But in one of the ships I went nearer to the people and rebuked them for their foolishness, that they were so fickle as to abandon their allegiance to me without any just reason.
^[168] Ὡμολόγουν δ’ εἴς τε τὸ λοιπὸν αὐτοῖς συγγνώσεσθαι βεβαίως , εἰ πέμψειαν δέκα τοῦ πλήθους προεστῶτας . Ὑπακουσάντων δ’ ἑτοίμως καὶ πεμψάντων ἄνδρας οὓς προεῖπον , ἐμβιβάσας ἀπέλυον εἰς Ταριχέας φυλαχθησομένους .	¹⁶⁸ However, I assured them of a complete pardon if they would send me ten of the ringleaders. When they complied readily with this proposal and sent me the ten I mentioned, I put them on board and sent them away to Tarichea ; to be kept under arrest.
^[169] Τῷ στρατηγήματι δὲ τούτῳ τὴν βουλὴν πᾶσαν κατ’ ὀλίγους λαβὼν εἰς τὴν προειρημένην πόλιν καὶ μετ’ αὐτῶν τοὺς πολλοὺς τοῦ δήμου πρώτους ἄνδρας οὐκ ἐλάττους ἐκείνων ὄντας διεπεμψάμην .	¹⁶⁹ By this ruse, gradually I got into my power all the council of Tiberias, and as many again of the leading citizens, and sent them to the aforementioned city.
^[170] Τὸ δὲ πλῆθος , ὡς εἶδον εἰς οἷον κακῶν ἥκουσι μέγεθος , παρεκάλουν με τὸν αἴτιον τῆς στάσεως τιμωρήσασθαι . Κλεῖτος δ’ ἦν ὄνομα τούτῳ , θρασύς τε καὶ προπετὴς νεανίας .	¹⁷⁰ When the people saw to what a wretched condition they were reduced, they asked me to punish the author of this revolt, named Cleitus, a young man, bold and rash in his undertakings.
^[171] Ἐγὼ δ’ ἀποκτεῖναι μὲν οὐχ ὅσιον ἡγούμενος ὁμόφυλον ἄνδρα , κολάσαι δ’ ἀνάγκην ἔχων , τῶν περὶ ἐμέ τινι σωματοφυλάκων Ληουεῖ προσέταξα προελθόντι κόψαι τοῦ Κλείτου τὴν ἑτέραν τῶν χειρῶν .	¹⁷¹ Considering it an impiety to put one of my own people to death and yet finding it necessary to punish him, I ordered Levi, one of my own guards, to go and cut off one of Cleitus's hands ;
^[172] Δείσαντος δὲ τοῦ κελευσθέντος εἰς τοσοῦτο πλῆθος προελθεῖν μόνου , τὴν δειλίαν τοῦ στρατιώτου μὴ βουληθεὶς κατάδηλον γενέσθαι τοῖς Τιβεριεῦσιν , αὐτὸν Κλεῖτον φωνήσας " ἐπειδὴ καὶ ἄξιος , εἶπον , ὑπάρχεις ἀμφοτέρας τὰς χεῖρας ἀποβαλεῖν οὕτως ἀχάριστος εἰς ἐμὲ γενόμενος , γενοῦ σαυτοῦ δημόσιος , μὴ καὶ ἀπειθήσας χείρονα τιμωρίαν ὑπόσχῃς .	¹⁷² but as the one ordered to do it was afraid to leave the ship on his own, into so great a crowd, I was unwilling to have the soldier's nervousness witnessed by the Tiberians. So I called to Cleitus himself and said to him, "Since you deserve to lose both your hands for your ingratitude to me, be your own executioner, or you will suffer a worse punishment."
^[173] Τοῦ δὲ τὴν ἑτέραν αὐτῷ συγχωρῆσαι πολλὰ δεομένου μόλις κατένευσα . Κἀκεῖνος ἄσμενος ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ τὰς δύο χεῖρας ἀποβαλεῖν λαβὼν μάχαιραν κόπτει τὴν ἀριστερὰν ἑαυτοῦ . Καὶ τοῦτο τὴν στάσιν ἔπαυσεν .	¹⁷³ When he earnestly begged of me to spare him one of his hands, I granted it with difficulty. So, in order to prevent the loss of both his hands, he willingly took his sword and cut off his own left hand ; and this put an end to the revolt.
^[174] Τιβεριεῖς δέ , ὡς εἰς τὰς Ταριχέας ἀφικόμην γνόντες τὴν στρατηγίαν , ᾗ κατ’ αὐτῶν ἐχρησάμην , ἀπεθαύμαζον ὅτι χωρὶς φόνων ἔπαυσα τὴν ἀγνωμοσύνην αὐτῶν .	¹⁷⁴ When I had gone to Tarichea, the Tiberians understood the ruse I had used on them and admired how I had put an end to their foolish revolt without violence.
^[175] Ἐγὼ δὲ τοὺς ἐκ τῆς εἱρκτῆς μεταπεμψάμενος τοῦ πλήθους τῶν Τιβεριέων , ἦν δὲ σὺν αὐτοῖς Ἰοῦστος καὶ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ‎ πιστός , συνδείπνους ἐποιησάμην , καὶ παρὰ τὴν ἑστίασιν ἔλεγον , ὅτι τὴν Ῥωμαίων δύναμιν οὐδ’ αὐτὸς ἀγνοῶ πασῶν διαφέρουσαν , σιγῴην μέντοι περὶ αὐτῆς διὰ τοὺς λῃστάς .	¹⁷⁵ But now, sending to bring out some of the many Tiberians from the prison, including Justus and his father Pistus, I had them sup with me ; and during our supper I told them that I knew the power of the Romans was superior to all others, but had not spoken out because of the brigands.
^[176] Καὶ αὐτοῖς δὲ ταῦτα συνεβούλευον ποιεῖν τὸν ἐπιτήδειον περιμένουσι καιρὸν καὶ μὴ δυσανασχετεῖν ἐμοὶ στρατηγῷ · μηδενὸς γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἑτέρου δυνήσεσθαι ῥᾳδίως ἐπιεικοῦς ὁμοίως τυχεῖν .	¹⁷⁶ I advised them to do as I did and to bide their time and not be impatient at my being in command, since their subsequent ruler would not treat them as fairly as myself.
^[177] Τὸν Ἰοῦστον δὲ καὶ ὑπεμίμνησκον , ὅτι πρόσθεν ἤ με παραγενέσθαι ἐκ τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων οἱ Γαλιλαῖοι τἀδελφοῦ τὰς χεῖρας ἀποκόψειαν αὐτοῦ‎ πρὸ τοῦ πολέμου πλαστῶν αὐτῷ γραμμάτων κακουργίαν ἐπικαλέσαντες , καὶ ὅτι μετὰ τὴν ἀναχώρησιν τὴν Φιλίππου Γαμαλῖται πρὸς Βαβυλωνίους στασιάζοντες ἀνέλοιεν Χάρητα , συγγενὴς δ’ ἦν οὗτος τοῦ Φιλίππου ,	¹⁷⁷ I also reminded Justus how before ever I came to Jerusalem, the Galileans had cut off his brother's hands, when he was accused of being a rogue and of forging some letters ; also, how the people of Gamala, in their revolt against the Babylonians after the departure of Philip, killed Philip's kinsman, Chares,
^[178] καὶ ὡς Ἰησοῦν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ‎ ἄνδρα τῆς ἀδελφῆς Ἰούστου σωφρόνως κολάσειαν . Ταῦτα παρὰ τὴν ἑστίασιν διαλεχθεὶς τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἰοῦστον ἕωθεν ἐκέλευσα πάντας τῆς φυλακῆς ἀπολυθῆναι .	¹⁷⁸ and also how they had ruthlessly executed Joshua, the husband of his brother Justus's sister. After saying this to them at supper, in the morning I ordered Justus and all the rest to be released from the prison and sent away.
^[179] Πρὸ δὲ τούτων συνέβη τὸν Ἰακίμου Φίλιππον ἀπελθεῖν ἐκ Γάμαλα τοῦ φρουρίου τοιαύτης αἰτίας γενομένης ·	¹⁷⁹ Even before this, Philip, the son of Jacimus, left the Gamala fortress in the following circumstances.
^[180] Φίλιππος πυθόμενος μεθεστάναι μὲν Οὔαρον ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἀγρίππα , διάδοχον δὲ ἀφῖχθαι Μόδιον Αἴκουον ἄνδρα φίλον αὐτῷ καὶ συνήθη πάλαι , γράφει πρὸς τοῦτον τὰς καθ’ ἑαυτὸν τύχας ἀπαγγέλλων καὶ παρακαλῶν τὰ παρ’ αὐτοῦ‎ πεμφθέντα γράμματα πρὸς τοὺς βασιλέας ἀποστεῖλαι .	¹⁸⁰ When Philip learned that Varus had been deposed by king Agrippa and that Modius Aequus, his former friend and companion, had come to succeed him, he wrote telling him of his various experiences and asking him to forward to the king and queen the letters he had already sent.
^[181] Καὶ Μόδιος δεξάμενος τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἐχάρη σφόδρα σώζεσθαι τὸν Φίλιππον ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐπιγνούς , καὶ πρὸς τοὺς βασιλέας ἔπεμψε τὰ γράμματα περὶ Βηρυτὸν ὄντας .	¹⁸¹ Modius was very glad to receive this message and sent on the letters to their majesties, who were then in the area of Berytus.
^[182] Ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς Ἀγρίππας ὡς ἔγνω ψευδῆ τὴν περὶ Φιλίππου φήμην γενομένην , λόγος γὰρ διῆλθεν , ὡς στρατηγοίη τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἐπὶ τὸν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους πόλεμον , ἔπεμψεν ἱππεῖς τοὺς παραπέμψοντας τὸν Φίλιππον .	¹⁸² But when king Agrippa found that the rumour about Philip was false, (it had been claimed that Philip was leading the Jews in a war against the Romans,) he sent some horsemen to bring Philip to him.
^[183] Καὶ παραγενόμενον ἀσπάζεταί τε φιλοφρόνως τοῖς τε Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμόσιν ἐπεδείκνυεν , ὅτι δὴ Φίλιππος οὗτός ἐστιν , περὶ οὗ διεξῄει λόγος ὡς Ῥωμαίων ἀποστάντος . κελεύει δ’ αὐτὸν ἱππεῖς τινας ἀναλαβόντα θᾶττον εἰς Γάμαλα τὸ φρούριον πορευθῆναι τοὺς οἰκείους αὐτῷ πάντας ἐκεῖθεν ἐξάξοντα καὶ τοὺς Βαβυλωνίους εἰς τὴν Βατανέαν πάλιν ἀποκαταστήσοντα .	¹⁸³ When he arrived, he greeted him very obligingly and presented him to the Roman generals as the who had been reported as having rebelled from the Romans. He told him to take some horsemen and to go quickly to the Gamala fortress and to bring his people out from there, and to reinstate the Babylonians in Batanea.
^[184] Παρήγγειλε δὲ καὶ πᾶσαν ποιήσασθαι πρόνοιαν ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ γενέσθαι τινὰ νεωτερισμὸν παρὰ τῶν ὑπηκόων . Φίλιππος μὲν οὖν ταῦτα τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιστείλαντος ἔσπευδε ποιήσων ἃ προσέταξεν .	¹⁸⁴ He also told him to take all care that none of his subjects should be guilty of any rebellion. Philip hastened to do as the king had ordered.

Chapter 8 Josephus' strong leadership, in Galilee
185-215

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^[185] Ἰώσηπος δὲ τῆς ἰατρίνης πολλοὺς νεανίσκους θρασεῖς προτρεψάμενος αὐτῷ συνάρασθαι καὶ ἐπαναστὰς τοῖς ἐν Γάμαλα πρώτοις ἔπειθεν αὐτοὺς ἀφίστασθαι τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἀναλαβεῖν τὰ ὅπλα ὡς διὰ τούτων τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἀποληψομένους . Καὶ τινὰς μὲν ἐβιάσαντο , τοὺς δὲ μὴ συναρεσκομένους αὐτῶν ταῖς γνώμαις ἀνῄρουν .	¹⁸⁵ Joseph, a midwife's son, then roused up many young men to join him and putting pressure on the magistrates at Gamala, persuaded them to revolt from the king and take up arms in the hope of regaining their liberty with them. Some they forced to comply and those who would not acquiesce in their plan, they killed.
^[186] Κτείνουσι δὲ καὶ Χάρητα , καὶ μετ’ αὐτοῦ‎ τινα τῶν συγγενῶν Ἰησοῦν καὶ Ἰούστου δὲ τοῦ Τιβεριέως ἀδελφὴν ἀνεῖλον , καθὼς ἤδη προείπομεν , γράφουσι δὲ καὶ πρός με παρακαλοῦντες πέμψαι καὶ δύναμιν αὐτοῖς ὁπλιτῶν καὶ τοὺς ἀναστήσοντας αὐτῶν τῇ Βηθήλῃ τείχη .	¹⁸⁶ They also killed Chares and one of his kinsmen, Joshua, and the brother of Justus of Tiberias, as already said. They also wrote to me, to send them an armed force and workmen to repair their city walls ; I refused neither of these requests.
^[187] Κἀγὼ πρὸς οὐδέτερον ἀντεῖπον ὧν ἠξίωσαν . Ἀφίσταται δὲ τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἡ Γαυλανῖτις χώρα μέχρι κώμης Σολύμης . Σελευκείᾳ δὲ καὶ Σωγάνῃ φύσει κώμαις ὀχυρωτάταις ᾠκοδόμησα τείχη , τάς τε κατὰ τὴν ἄνω Γαλιλαίαν κώμας καὶ πάνυ πετρώδεις οὔσας ἐτείχισα παραπλησίως .	¹⁸⁷ The region of Gaulanitis as far as the village of Solyma also rebelled from the king. I also built walls around Seleucia and Soganni, with very strong natural defences, and did the same for several villages of Upper Galilee, even though of themselves they were very rugged.
^[188] Ὀνόματα δ’ αὐταῖς Ἰάμνια Ἀμηρὼθ Ἀχαράβη . Ὠχύρωσα δὲ καὶ τὰς ἐν τῇ κάτω Γαλιλαίᾳ πόλεις μὲν Ταριχέας Τιβεριάδα Σέπφωριν , κώμας δὲ Ἀρβήλων σπήλαιον , Βηρσουβαί , Σελαμήν , Ἰωτάπατα , Καφαραθ’κωμος Σωγανα Ιπαφα καὶ τὸ Ἰταβύριον ὄρος . Εἰς ταύτας καὶ σῖτον ἀπεθέμην πολὺν καὶ ὅπλα πρὸς ἀσφάλειαν τὴν μετὰ ταῦτα .	¹⁸⁸ Their names are Jamnia and Ameroth and Achabare. In Lower Galilee, I also fortified Tarichea, Tiberias, Sepphoris and the villages, the cave of Arbela, Beersobe, Selamin, Jotapata, Capharecho and Sigo and Jaffa and Mount Itaburion. I stocked these places with much corn and armour, for their later security.
^[189] Ἰωάννῃ δὲ τῷ τοῦ Ληουεῖ τὸ κατ’ ἐμοῦ μῖσος προσηύξετο βαρέως φέροντι τὴν ἐμὴν εὐπραγίαν . Προθέμενος οὖν πάντως ἐκποδών με ποιήσασθαι τῇ μὲν αὐτοῦ‎ πατρίδι τοῖς Γισχάλοις κατασκευάζει τείχη ,	¹⁸⁹ But aggrieved at my success, the hatred of John, the son of Levi, grew now more violent, so that he wanted to do away with me by any possible means. So, after fortifying the ramparts of Gischala, his birthplace,
^[190] τὸν ἀδελφὸν δὲ Σίμωνα καὶ τὸν τοῦ Σισέννα Ἰωνάθην ὁπλιτῶν περὶ ἑκατὸν εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα πέμπει πρὸς τὸν τοῦ Γαμαλιήλου Σίμωνα παρακαλέσοντας αὐτὸν πεῖσαι τὸ κοινὸν τῶν Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀφελομένους ἐμὲ τῶν Γαλιλαίων αὐτῷ ψηφίσασθαι τὴν ἐξουσίαν τούτων .	¹⁹⁰ he sent his brother Simon and Jonathan, son of Sisenna, and about a hundred soldiers, to Jerusalem, to Simon, Gamaliel's son, to persuade him to get the Jerusalem Council to remove me from commanding the Galileans, and vote to confer that authority upon himself.
^[191] Ὁ δὲ Σίμων οὗτος ἦν πόλεως μὲν Ἱεροσολύμων , γένους δὲ σφόδρα λαμπροῦ , τῆς δὲ Φαρισαίων αἱρέσεως , οἳ περὶ τὰ πάτρια νόμιμα δοκοῦσιν τῶν ἄλλων ἀκριβείᾳ διαφέρειν .	¹⁹¹ This Simon was a native of Jerusalem and from a very noble family of the sect of the Pharisees, who are the unrivalled experts in their ancestral laws.
^[192] Ἦν δ’ οὗτος ἀνὴρ πλήρης συνέσεως καὶ λογισμοῦ δυνάμενός τε πράγματα κακῶς κείμενα φρονήσει τῇ ἑαυτοῦ διορθώσασθαι , Φίλος τε παλαιὸς τῷ Ἰωάννῃ καὶ συνήθης , πρὸς ἐμὲ δὲ τότε διαφόρως εἶχεν .	¹⁹² He was a man of great wisdom and judgment, brilliant enough to restore public affairs from their bad position. He was John's old friend and companion but had a difference with me.
^[193] Δεξάμενος οὖν τὴν παράκλησιν ἔπειθεν τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς Ἄνανον καὶ Ἰησοῦν τὸν τοῦ Γαμαλᾶ τινάς τε τῶν τῆς αὐτῶν στάσεως ἐκείνους ἐκκόπτειν με φυόμενον καὶ μὴ περιιδεῖν ἐπὶ μήκιστον αὐξηθέντα δόξης , συνοίσειν αὐτοῖς λέγων , εἰ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἀφαιρεθείην · μὴ μέλλειν δὲ παρεκάλει τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἄνανον , μὴ καὶ φθάσας γνῶναι μετὰ πολλῆς ἐπέλθω τῇ Βηθήλῃ δυνάμεως .	¹⁹³ On receiving this request, he persuaded the high priests, Ananus and Joshua the son of Gamala and some others of their party, to clip my wings, and not let me grow to the height of glory, and that it would be for their advantage if I were deprived of the government of Galilee. Ananus and his friends asked them not to delay about the matter, for fear that I should learn their plans and come and attack the city with a large army.
^[194] Ὁ μὲν Σίμων ταῦτα συνεβούλευεν · ὁ δὲ ἀρχιερεὺς Ἄνανος οὐ ῥᾴδιον εἶναι τὸ ἔργον ἀπέφαινεν · πολλοὺς γὰρ τῶν ἀρχιερέων καὶ τοῦ πλήθους προεστῶτας μαρτυρεῖν , ὅτι καλῶς ἐγὼ στρατηγῶ · ποιεῖσθαι δὲ κατηγορίαν ἀνδρός , καθ’ οὗ μηδὲν λέγειν δύνανται δίκαιον , φαύλων ἔργον εἶναι .	¹⁹⁴ This was Simon's advice ; but Artanus the high priest showed them that this was hard to do, since many of the high priests and of the leaders of the people testified how well I had behaved as general and that it was a wicked thing to accuse a man in the wrong.
^[195] Σίμων δ’ ὡς ἤκουσεν ταῦτα παρὰ τοῦ Ἀνάνου , σιωπᾶν μὲν ἐκείνους ἠξίωσεν μηδ’ εἰς πολλοὺς ἐκφέρειν τοὺς λόγους αὐτῶν · προνοήσεσθαι γὰρ αὐτὸς ἔφασκεν , ἵνα θᾶττον μετασταθείην ἐκ τῆς Γαλιλαίας · προσκαλεσάμενος δὲ τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ Ἰωάννου προσέταξεν πέμπειν δωρεὰς τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἄνανον · τάχα γὰρ οὕτως ἔφη πείσειν αὐτοὺς μεταθέσθαι τὰς γνώμας .	¹⁹⁵ When Simon heard this from Ananus, he asked the messengers to keep it secret and not let it come to the hearing of many ; he himself would see to have me quickly removed from Galilee. He called for John's brother, and got him to send gifts to Ananus and his friends as a means of persuading them to change their minds.
^[196] Καὶ τέλος ἔπραξεν ὁ Σίμων ὃ προύθετο · ὁ γὰρ Ἄνανος καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ τοῖς χρήμασιν διαφθαρέντες συντίθενται τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἐκβαλεῖν με μηδενὸς ἄλλου τῶν κατὰ τὴν πόλιν τοῦτο γινώσκοντος . Καὶ δὴ ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς πέμπειν ἄνδρας κατὰ γένος μὲν διαφέροντας , τῇ παιδείᾳ δ’ ὁμοίους .	¹⁹⁶ Eventually Simon did achieve his purpose, when, corrupted by bribes, Artanus and his friends agreed to expel me out of Galilee, without telling the rest of the citizens what they were doing. They resolved to send a deputation of men of separate social groups and also of distinguished learning.
^[197] Ἦσαν δ’ αὐτῶν οἱ μὲν δύο δημοτικοί , Ἰωνάθης καὶ Ἀνανίας Φαρισαῖοι τὴν αἵρεσιν , ὁ δὲ τρίτος Γόζορος ἱερατικοῦ γένους , Φαρισαῖος καὶ αὐτός · Σίμων δ’ ἐξ ἀρχιερέων νεώτατος ἐκείνων .	¹⁹⁷ Two of these, Jonathan and Ananias, were of humble stock, by sect Pharisees ; while the third, Jozar, was of priestly stock and also a Pharisee ; and Simon, the last of them, was the youngest of the high priests.
^[198] Τούτους ἐκέλευον ἀφικομένους εἰς τὸ πλῆθος τῶν Γαλιλαίων πυθέσθαι παρ’ αὐτῶν τὴν αἰτίαν , δι’ ἣν ἐμὲ φιλοῦσιν · εἰ δὲ φαῖεν , ὅτι πόλεως εἴην τῆς Ἱεροσολύμων , καὶ αὐτοὺς ἐξ ἐκείνων λέγειν ὑπάρχειν τοὺς τέσσαρας , εἰ δὲ διὰ τὴν ἐμπειρίαν τῶν νόμων , μηδ’ αὐτοὺς ἀγνοεῖν ἔθη τὰ πάτρια φάσκειν , εἰ δ’ αὖ διὰ τὴν ἱερωσύνην λέγοιεν ἀγαπᾶν με , καὶ αὐτῶν ἀποκρίνεσθαι δύο ἱερεῖς ὑπάρχειν .	¹⁹⁸ These were instructed to go to the ordinary Galilean people and ask them the reason for their devotion to me. If they said that it was because I was from Jerusalem, they would answer that all four of them were born there too ; and if it was because of my knowledge of their law, that they too were not unacquainted with the customs of their fathers ; but if it was because of my priesthood, they should answer that two of them were also priests.
^[199] Ταῦθ’ ὑποθέμενοι τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην τέσσαρας μυριάδας ἀργυρίου διδόασιν αὐτοῖς ἐκ τῶν δημοσίων χρημάτων .	¹⁹⁹ When they had briefed Jonathan and his companions they gave them forty thousand silver pieces from public funds.
^[200] Ἐπεὶ δέ τινα Γαλιλαῖον ἤκουσαν Ἰησοῦν ὄνομα περὶ αὐτὸν τάξιν ἑξακοσίων ὁπλιτῶν ἔχειν ἐπιδημοῦντα τοῖς Ἱεροσολύμοις , τότε μεταπεμψάμενοι τοῦτον καὶ τριῶν μηνῶν μισθὸν δόντες ἐκέλευον ἕπεσθαι τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην πειθαρχοῦντα αὐτοῖς , καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν δὲ τριακοσίοις ἀνδράσιν δόντες ἀργύριον εἰς τροφὴν τῶν ὅλων προσέταξαν ἀκολουθεῖν τοῖς πρέσβεσιν .	²⁰⁰ And when they heard of a Galilean named Joshua then staying in Jerusalem, with a band of six hundred soldiers, they sent for him and gave him three months pay to go with Jonathan and his companions and take orders from them. They also assigned three hundred citizens of Jerusalem, with money to maintain them all, sending them also with the envoys.
^[201] Πεισθέντων οὖν αὐτῶν καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἔξοδον εὐτρεπισθέντων ἐξῄεσαν οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην σὺν τούτοις ἐπαγόμενοι καὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ Ἰωάννου καὶ ὁπλίτας ἑκατόν ,	²⁰¹ As soon as this was agreed upon and they had gotten ready for the march, Jonathan and his companions went out with them, along with John's brother and a hundred soldiers.
^[202] λαβόντες ἐντολὰς παρὰ τῶν πεμψάντων , εἰ μὲν ἑκὼν καταθείμην τὰ ὅπλα , ζῶντα πέμπειν εἰς τὴν Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν πόλιν , εἰ δ’ ἀντιτασσοίμην , ἀποκτεῖναι μηδὲν δεδιότας · αὐτῶν γὰρ εἶναι τὸ πρόσταγμα .	²⁰² The command they had from those who sent them was this : If I voluntarily laid down my arms, they should send me alive to Jerusalem, but if I opposed them, to kill me without hesitation, since those were their orders.
^[203] Ἐγεγράφεισαν δὲ καὶ τῷ Ἰωάννῃ πρὸς τὸν κατ’ ἐμοῦ πόλεμον ἑτοιμάζεσθαι , τοῖς τε Σέπφωριν καὶ Γάβαρα κατοικοῦσιν καὶ Τιβεριεῦσιν προσέταττον συμμαχίαν τῷ Ἰωάννῃ πέμπειν .	²⁰³ They also wrote to John to be ready to attack me and ordered the Sepphorites and Gabara and Tiberias to send allies to John.
^[204] Ταῦτά μοι τοῦ πατρὸς γράψαντος , ἐξεῖπε δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν Ἰησοῦς ὁ τοῦ Γαμαλᾶ τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ βουλῇ γενομένων εἷς , Φίλος ὢν καὶ συνήθης ἐμοί , σφόδρα περιήλγησα τούς τε πολίτας οὕτως περὶ ἐμὲ γενομένους ἀχαρίστους ἐπιγνοὺς διὰ φθόνον ἀναιρεθῆναί με προστάξαι , καὶ τῷ τὸν πατέρα διὰ τῶν γραμμάτων πολλά με παρακαλεῖν ἀφικέσθαι πρὸς αὐτόν · ποθεῖν γὰρ ἔφη θεάσασθαι τὸν υἱὸν πρὸ τοῦ τελευτῆσαι .	²⁰⁴ My father wrote to me about this, for he heard it from Joshua the son of Gamalas, a friend and companion of mine who was present in that council. I was very troubled that my fellow citizens proved so ungrateful and envious to me, as to order to have me killed, and also at father's earnest request in his letter, that I visit him, as he longed to see his son before he died.
^[205] Ταῦτα δὴ πρὸς τοὺς φίλους εἶπον καὶ ὅτι μετὰ τρίτην ἡμέραν καταλιπὼν τὴν χώραν αὐτῶν εἰς τὴν πατρίδα πορευσοίμην . Λύπη δ’ ἅπαντας τοὺς κἀκούσαντας κατέσχε παρεκάλουν τε κλαίοντες μὴ ἐγκαταλιπεῖν αὐτοὺς ἀπολουμένους , εἰ τῆς ἐμῆς στρατηγίας ἀποστερηθεῖεν .	²⁰⁵ I told my friends of these things and that in three days' time I should leave the district and go home. Hearing this, they were all sad and asked me, with tears in their eyes, not to abandon them to their ruin, which they expected if deprived of my leadership.
^[206] Οὐ κατανεύοντος δέ μου ταῖς ἱκετείαις αὐτῶν , ἀλλὰ περὶ τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ φροντίζοντος σωτηρίας , δείσαντες οἱ Γαλιλαῖοι , μὴ ἀπελθόντος εὐκαταφρόνητοι τοῖς λῃσταῖς γένοιντο , πέμπουσιν εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν ἅπασαν τοὺς σημανοῦντας τὴν ἐμὴν γνώμην περὶ τῆς ἀπαλλαγῆς .	²⁰⁶ Taking care of my own safety, I did not yield, so dreading that my departure would leave them at the mercy of the brigands, they sent messengers over all Galilee to tell of my intention to leave them.
^[207] Πολλοὶ δὲ καὶ πανταχόθεν συνήχθησαν , ὡς ἤκουσαν , μετὰ γυναικῶν καὶ τέκνων , οὐ πόθῳ , δοκῶ μοι , τῷ πρὸς ἐμὲ μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ περὶ αὐτῶν δέει τοῦτο πράττοντες · ἐμοῦ γὰρ παραμένοντος πείσεσθαι κακὸν οὐδὲν ὑπελάμβανον . Ἧκον οὖν πάντες εἰς τὸ μέγα πεδίον , ἐν ᾧ διέτριβον · Ἀσωχίς ἐστιν ὄνομα αὐτῷ .	²⁰⁷ As soon as they heard it, they gathered in large numbers, from all parts, with their wives and children, influenced, I think, less by their affection for me than by their fear for themselves ; for they expected to suffer no harm while I remained with them. So they all came into the great plain called Asochis, where I lived.
^[208] Διὰ δὲ τῆς νυκτὸς ἐκείνης θαυμάσιον οἷον ὄνειρον ἐθεασάμην · ἐπεὶ γὰρ εἰς κοίτην ἐτραπόμην διὰ τὰ γραφέντα λυπούμενος καὶ τεταραγμένος ,	²⁰⁸ That very night I saw in my dreams a wonderful vision. When I had gone to my bed, grieved and troubled at the news in the letter,
^[209] ἔδοξά τινα λέγειν ἐπιστάντα μοι , " παῦσαι τὴν ψυχήν , ὦ οὗτος , ἀλγῶν , παντὸς δ’ ἀπαλλάσσου φόβου · τὰ γὰρ λυποῦντά σε μέγιστον ποιήσει καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν εὐτυχέστατον , κατορθώσεις δ’ οὐ μόνον ταῦτα , ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλὰ ἕτερα . Μὴ κάμνε δή ,	²⁰⁹ it seemed to me that someone stood near me, who said, "Man, stop afflicting your soul and put away all fear ; for what now grieves you will render you great and prosperous in all things ; for you shall succeed not only in these difficulties, but in many others. So do not fret, but remember that you are to fight even the Romans."
^[210] μέμνησο δ’ ὅτι καὶ Ῥωμαίοις δεῖ σε πολεμῆσαι ." Τοῦτον δὲ τὸν ὄνειρον θεασάμενος διανίσταμαι καταβῆναι προθυμούμενος εἰς τὸ πεδίον . Πρὸς δὲ τὴν ἐμὴν ὄψιν πᾶν τὸ πλῆθος τῶν Γαλιλαίων , ἦσαν δ’ ἐν αὐτοῖς γυναῖκές τε καὶ παῖδες , ἐπὶ στόμα ῥίψαντες ἑαυτοὺς καὶ δακρύοντες ἱκέτευον μὴ σφᾶς ἐγκαταλιπεῖν τοῖς πολεμίοις , μηδ’ ἀπελθεῖν ἐάσαντα τὴν χώραν αὐτῶν ἐνύβρισμα τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ἐσομένην .	²¹⁰ Heartened by this dream, I got up, intending to go down to the plain. When the whole crowd of the Galileans, with the women and children, saw me, they fell down on their faces, and begged me with tears not to leave them open to their enemies, nor go away and let their country be harmed by them.
^[211] ὡς δὲ ταῖς δεήσεσιν οὐκ ἔπειθον , κατηνάγκαζον ὅρκοις μένειν παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς ἐλοιδοροῦντό τε τῷ δήμῳ πολλὰ τῶν Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν ὡς εἰρηνεύεσθαι τὴν χώραν αὐτῶν οὐκ ἐῶντι .	²¹¹ When their pleas failed, they urged me with oaths to stay with them, and they bitterly reproached the people of Jerusalem, for not letting their country enjoy peace.
^[212] Ταῦτα δὴ καὶ ἐπακούων αὐτῶν καὶ βλέπων τοῦ πλήθους τὴν κατήφειαν ἐκλάσθην πρὸς ἔλεον , ἄξιον εἶναι νομίζων ὑπὲρ τοσούτου πλήθους καὶ προδήλους κινδύνους ὑπομένειν . Κατανεύω δὴ μένειν , καὶ πεντακισχιλίους ἐξ αὐτῶν ὁπλίτας ἥκειν κελεύσας ἔχοντας ἑαυτοῖς τροφὰς ἐπὶ τὰς οἰκήσεις διαφῆκα τοὺς ἄλλους .	²¹² Hearing this and seeing the people's dejection, I was moved to pity them and thought it right for me to take even significant risks for the sake of so large a group. So I indicated I would stay with them, and then ordered five thousand of them to come to me with weapons and provisions, sending the rest away home.
^[213] Ἐπεὶ δὲ οἱ πεντακισχίλιοι παρεγένοντο , τούτους ἀναλαβὼν καὶ τρισχιλίους τοὺς σὺν ἐμαυτῷ στρατιώτας , ἱππεῖς δ’ ὀγδοήκοντα , τὴν πορείαν εἰς Χαβωλὼ κώμην Πτολεμαΐδος μεθόριον οὖσαν ἐποιησάμην , κἀκεῖ τὰς δυνάμεις συνεῖχον ἑτοιμάζεσθαι σκηπτόμενος ἐπὶ τὸν πρὸς Πλάκιδον πόλεμον .	²¹³ When those five thousand arrived, taking them along with three thousand of the soldiers that I had already and eighty horsemen, I marched to the village of Chabolo, situated in the borders of Ptolemais and gathered my forces there, pretending to get ready to fight with Placidus.
^[214] Ἀφίκετο δ’ οὗτος μετὰ δύο σπειρῶν πεζοῦ στρατεύματος καὶ ἱππέων ἴλης μιᾶς ὑπὸ Κεστίου Γάλλου πεμφθείς , ἵν’ ἐμπρήσῃ τὰς κώμας τῶν Γαλιλαίων , αἳ πλησίον ἦσαν Πτολεμαΐδος . Βαλλομένου δ’ ἐκείνου χάρακα πρὸ τῆς Πτολεμαέων πόλεως τίθεμαι κἀγὼ στρατόπεδον τῆς κώμης ὅσον ἑξήκοντα σταδίους ἀποσχών .	²¹⁴ He had arrived with two cohorts of infantry and one troop of horsemen, sent there by Cestius Gallus to burn the Galilean villages that were near Ptolemais. As he was building a blockade before the city of the Ptolemies, I also encamped about sixty furlongs from the village.
^[215] πολλάκις μὲν οὖν τὰς δυνάμεις προηγάγομεν ὡς εἰς μάχην , πλέον δ’ οὐδὲν ἀκροβολισμῶν ἐπράξαμεν · ὁ γὰρ Πλάκιδος ὅσῳπερ ἐγίνωσκεν σπεύδοντά με πρὸς μάχην αὐτὸς καταπληττόμενος ὑπεστέλλετο · τῆς μέντοι Πτολεμαΐδος οὐκ ἐχωρίζετο .	²¹⁵ Now we often brought out our forces as if to fight, but proceeded no further than shooting from a distance ; for the more Placidus saw me willing to fight him, the more he was alarmed and avoided it, yet he did not move away from Ptolemais.

Chapter 9 Various plots to depose Josephus
216-298

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^[216] Κατὰ τοῦτον δὲ τὸν καιρὸν ἀφικόμενος Ἰωνάθης μετὰ τῶν συμπρέσβεων , ὧν ἔφαμεν ἐκ τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων ὑπὸ τῶν περὶ Σίμωνα καὶ Ἄνανον τὸν ἀρχιερέα πεπέμφθαι , λαβεῖν δι’ ἐνέδρας ἐπεβούλευεν · φανερῶς γὰρ ἐπιχειρεῖν οὐκ ἐτόλμα .	²¹⁶ About this time Jonathan and his fellow legates arrived. They were sent, as I said, by Simon and Ananus the high priest. and Jonathan sought to catch me by treachery, not daring to attack me openly.
^[217] Γράφει δὲ πρός με τοιαύτην ἐπιστολήν · " Ἰωνάθης καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ πεμφθέντες ὑπὸ τῶν Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν Ἰωσήπῳ χαίρειν . Ἡμεῖς ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις πρώτων ἀκουσάντων τὸν ἀπὸ Γισχάλων Ἰωάννην ἐπιβεβουλευκέναι σοι πολλάκις ἐπέμφθημεν ἐπιπλήξοντες αὐτῷ καὶ παραινέσοντες εἰς τὸ λοιπὸν ὑπακούειν σοι .	²¹⁷ So he wrote me the following letter: "Jonathan and those sent with him by the people of Jerusalem to Josephus, greeting. We are sent by the authorities in Jerusalem, who have heard that John of Gischala has often conspired against you, to reprimand him and urge him to be subject to you in the future.
^[218] Βουλεύσασθαι δὲ σὺν σοὶ θέλοντες περὶ τῶν κοινῇ πρακτέων παρακαλοῦμεν ἥκειν θᾶττον πρὸς ἡμᾶς μὴ μετὰ πολλῶν · οὐδὲ γὰρ ἡ κώμη δύναιτ’ ἂν στρατιωτῶν πλῆθος ἐπιδέξασθαι ."	²¹⁸ Wishing to consult with you about our common concerns and what should be done, we want you to come to us quickly with only a few attendants ; for this village cannot receive a troop of soldiers."
^[219] Ταῦτα δ’ ἔγραφον προσδοκῶντες δυοῖν θάτερον , ἢ ὅτι χωρὶς ὅπλων ἀφικόμενον πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἕξουσιν ὑποχείριον , ἢ πολλοὺς ἐπαγόμενον κρινοῦσι πολέμιον .	²¹⁹ So they wrote, expecting one of two things ; either that I would come without soldiers and then they would have me in their grasp ; or, if I came with a large force, they would condemn me as a public enemy.
^[220] Ἧκεν δέ μοι τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἱππεὺς κομίζων θρασὺς ἄλλως νεανίας τῶν παρὰ βασιλεῖ ποτε στρατευσαμένων . Ἧν δ’ ὥρα νυκτὸς ἤδη δευτέρα , καθ’ ἣν ἐτύγχανον μετὰ τῶν φίλων καὶ τῶν τῆς Γαλιλαίας πρώτων ἑστιώμενος .	²²⁰ Now a horseman brought the letter, a bold young man who had formerly soldiered under the king. It was the second hour of the night that he came, when I was dining with my friends and the leaders of Galilee.
^[221] Οὗτος δὴ προσαγγείλαντος οἰκέτου μοι ἥκειν τινὰ ἱππέα Ἰουδαῖον , εἰσκληθεὶς ἐμοῦ κελεύσαντος ἠσπάσατο μὲν οὐδ’ ὅλως , τὴν δὲ ἐπιστολὴν προτείνας , " ταύτην , εἶπεν , οἱ ἐξ Ἱεροσολύμων ἥκοντες πεπόμφασί σοι . Γράφε δὴ τάχιστα καὶ σύ · καὶ γὰρ ἐπείγομαι πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὑποστρέφειν ."	²²¹ When my servant announced the arrival of a horseman from Judea, he was called in at my command, and without any word of greeting held out a letter and said, "Those from Jerusalem have sent you this letter ; write your reply quickly ; for I must return to them soon."
^[222] Οἱ μὲν οὖν κατακείμενοι τὴν τοῦ στρατιώτου τόλμαν ἐθαύμασαν , ἐγὼ δὲ καθέζεσθαι παρεκάλουν καὶ συνδειπνεῖν ἡμῖν . Ἀρνησαμένου δὲ τὴν μὲν ἐπιστολὴν μετὰ χεῖρας εἶχον ὡς ἐδεξάμην , πρὸς δὲ τοὺς φίλους περὶ πραγμάτων ἑτέρων τὴν ὁμιλίαν ἐποιούμην .	²²² My guests were amazed at the soldier's impudence, but I asked him to sit down and sup with us. When he refused, I kept the letter in my hands as I received it and continued the conversation with my guests about other matters.
^[223] Μετ’ οὐ πολλὴν δ’ ὥραν ἐξαναστὰς καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους ἀπολύσας ἐπὶ κοίτην , τέσσαρας δέ μοι μόνον τῶν ἀναγκαίων φίλων προσμεῖναι κελεύσας καὶ τῷ παιδὶ προστάξας οἶνον ἑτοιμάσαι , τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἀναπτύξας μηδενὸς ἐμβλέποντος κἀξ αὐτῆς ταχὺ συνεὶς τὴν τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐπίνοιαν , πάλιν αὐτὴν ἐσημηνάμην .	²²³ Not long after, I got up and sending the others to their beds, I had four of my closest friends stay and while ordering my servant to prepare some wine, I opened the letter in such a way that no one could notice ; and quickly grasping its import, I sealed it up again.
^[224] Καὶ ὡς μὴ προανεγνωκώς , ἀλλὰ μετὰ χεῖρας αὐτὴν ἔχων , προσέταξα τῷ στρατιώτῃ δραχμὰς εἴκοσι ἐφόδιον δοθῆναι . Τοῦ δὲ λαβόντος καὶ χάριν ἔχειν φήσαντος συνεὶς τὴν αἰσχροκέρδειαν αὐτοῦ‎ καὶ ὡς ταύτῃ μάλιστά ἐστιν ἁλώσιμος , " ἀλλ’ εἰ συμπιεῖν ἡμῖν , ἔφην , θελήσειας , λήψει κατὰ κύαθον δραχμὴν μίαν ." Ὁ δ’ ἄσμενος ὑπήκουσεν ,	²²⁴ Seeming not to have read it, and merely holding it in my hands, I ordered that twenty drachmae be given to the soldier for travelling expenses; and when he took the money and thanked me for it, I noticed his love of money and that he could be caught chiefly by means of it. I said to him, "If you will just drink with us, you shall have a drachma for each glass [you drink]."
^[225] καὶ πολὺν τὸν οἶνον προσφερόμενος ὑπὲρ τοῦ πλέον λαβεῖν τὸ ἀργύριον καὶ μεθυσθεὶς οὐκέτι τὰ ἀπόρρητα στέγειν ἐδύνατο , ἀλλ’ ἔφραζεν οὐκ ἐρωτώμενος τήν τε συνεσκευασμένην ἐπιβουλὴν καὶ ὡς κατεψηφισμένος εἴην θάνατον παρ’ αὐτοῖς .	²²⁵ He gladly agreed and, in order to make more money, drank a lot of wine and got so drunk that at last he could not keep his secrets, but blurted out without being questioned, how a plot had been hatched and that I was sentenced to death by them. Hearing this, I wrote back as follows :
^[226] Ταῦτ’ ἀκούσας ἀντιγράφω τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον · " Ἰώσηπος Ἰωνάθῃ καὶ τοῖς σὺν αὐτῷ χαίρειν . Ἐρρωμένους ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν ἥκειν πυθόμενος ἥδομαι , μάλιστα δ’ ὅτι δυνήσομαι παραδοὺς ὑμῖν τὴν τῶν ἐνθάδε πραγμάτων ἐπιμέλειαν εἰς τὴν πατρίδα πορευθῆναι · τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ πάλαι ποιεῖν ἤθελον .	²²⁶ "Josephus to Jonathan and his colleagues, greetings. I am glad to hear that you have come in good health to Galilee, especially since I can now hand over to you the care of public affairs here, and return home.
^[227] Ἔδει μὲν οὖν μὴ μόνον εἰς Ξαλὼθ παραγενέσθαι με πρὸς ὑμᾶς , ἀλλὰ πόρρω καὶ μηδὲ κελευσάντων , συγγνώμης δὲ τυχεῖν ἀξιῶ μὴ δυνάμενος τοῦτο ποιῆσαι παραφυλάσσων ἐν Χαβωλὼ Πλάκιδον εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν ἀναβῆναι δι’ ἐννοίας ἔχοντα . Ἥκετε οὖν ὑμεῖς πρός με τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἀναγνόντες . Ἔρρωσθε ."	²²⁷ This is what I have wanted for a long while. Even without your command, I ought to have come to greet you, not only as far as Xaloth, but even farther. But please excuse me that I cannot do so now, since I am here at Chabolo keeping watch on Placidus, who is planning to come up into Galilee. Therefore, when you receive this letter, come here to me. Farewell."
^[228] Ταῦτα γράψας δοὺς τῷ στρατιώτῃ φέρειν συνεξέπεμψα τριάκοντα τῶν Γαλιλαίων δοκιμωτάτους , ὑποθέμενος αὐτοῖς ἀσπάσασθαι μὲν ἐκείνους , ἕτερον δὲ μηδὲν λέγειν . Ἔταξα δὲ καθ’ ἕκαστον αὐτῶν πιστῶν ὁπλιτῶν ἕνα παραφυλάξοντα , μή τις τοῖς πεμφθεῖσιν ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ πρὸς τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην ὁμιλία γένηται .	²²⁸ After writing this and giving it to the soldier to deliver, I sent with him thirty of the most prominent Galileans to greet those envoys, but to say nothing else to them. To each of them I assigned a trustworthy soldier, to watch and see that those I had sent had no conversation with Jonathan's people.
^[229] Καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐπορεύθησαν . Οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην τῆς πρώτης πείρας ἁμαρτόντες ἑτέραν ἐπιστολήν μοι τοιαύτην ἔπεμψαν · " Ἰωνάθης καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ Ἰωσήπῳ χαίρειν . Παραγγέλλομέν σοι χωρὶς ὁπλιτῶν εἰς τρίτην παραγενέσθαι πρὸς ἡμᾶς εἰς Γαβαρὼθ κώμην , ἵνα διακούσωμεν τῶν πρὸς Ἰωάννην ἐγκλημάτων σοι γεγονότων ." Ταῦτα γράψαντες καὶ ἀσπασάμενοι τοὺς Γαλιλαίους ,	²²⁹ So they went off, and when Jonathan's party had failed in their first attempt, they sent me another letter, along these lines : "Jonathan and his companions, to Josephus, greetings. We require you to come to us without military escort, to the village of Gabaroth within three days, that we may hear your accusations against John."
^[230] οὓς πεπόμφειν , ἀφίκοντο εἰς Ἰαφὰν κώμην μεγίστην οὖσαν τῶν ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ , τείχεσιν ὀχυρωτάτην καὶ πολλῶν οἰκητόρων μεστήν . Ὑπηντίαζεν δὲ τὸ πλῆθος αὐτοὺς μετὰ γυναικῶν καὶ τέκνων καὶ κατεβόων κελεύοντες ἀπιέναι καὶ μὴ φθονεῖν αὐτοῖς ἀγαθοῦ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ .	²³⁰ After they wrote this letter, they greeted the Galileans I had sent and came to Japha, the largest village of all Galilee, which was surrounded by very strong walls and had a large population. There the people, including wives and children, met them and shouted at them to be gone and not begrudge them their excellent general.
^[231] Παρηρεθίζοντο δὲ ταῖς φωναῖς οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην , καὶ φανεροῦν μὲν τὴν ὀργὴν οὐκ ἐτόλμων , οὐκ ἀξιώσαντες δ’ αὐτοὺς ἀποκρίσεως εἰς τὰς ἄλλας κώμας ἐπορεύοντο . Ὅμοιαι δ’ ὑπήντων αὐτοῖς παρὰ πάντων αἱ καταβοήσεις μεταπείσειν αὐτοὺς βοώντων οὐδένα περὶ τοῦ μὴ στρατηγὸν ἔχειν Ἰώσηπον .	²³¹ Though irritated by these protests, Jonathan's group dared not show their anger openly, so they made no answer but went on to other villages. But the same protests met them from all the people, who roared that no one could persuade them to have any other general but Josephus.
^[232] Ἄπρακτοι δὲ παρὰ τούτων ἀπελθόντες οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην εἰς Σέπφωριν μεγίστην τῶν ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ πόλιν ἀφικνοῦνται . Οἱ δ’ ἐντεῦθεν ἄνθρωποι πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ταῖς γνώμαις ἀποβλέποντες , ἐκείνοις μὲν ὑπήντων , ἐμὲ δὲ οὔτε ἐπῄνουν οὔτ’ ἐβλασφήμουν .	²³² So Jonathan's group left them without success and came to Sepphoris, the greatest city of all Galilee. The men of that city, whose preference inclined to the Romans, did indeed meet them, but neither praised nor reproached me.
^[233] Παρὰ δὲ Σεπφωριτῶν εἰς Ἀσωχὶν καταβάντες οἱ ἐντεῦθεν παραπλησίως τοῖς Ἰαφηνοῖς κατεβόων αὐτῶν . Οἱ δὲ τὴν ὀργὴν οὐκέτι κατασχόντες κελεύουσιν τοῖς μετ’ αὐτῶν ὁπλίταις τύπτειν ξύλοις τοὺς καταβοῶντας . Κατὰ Γάβαρα δὲ γενομένους ὑπαντιάζει μετὰ τρισχιλίων ὁπλιτῶν ὁ Ἰωάννης .	²³³ When they went down from Sepphoris to Asochis, the people of that place shouted against them, as those of Japha had done. Unable to restrain themselves any longer, they told the soldiers with them to beat the protesters with their clubs. On their arrival at Gabara, John met them with three thousand soldiers.
^[234] Ἐγὼ δ’ ἐκ τῆς ἐπιστολῆς ἤδη συνεικώς , ὅτι διεγνώκασι πρός με πολεμεῖν , ἀναστὰς ἀπὸ Χαβώλων μετὰ τρισχιλίων ὁπλιτῶν , καταλιπὼν ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ τὸν πιστότατον τῶν φίλων εἰς Ἰωτάπατα παρεγενόμην πλησίον αὐτῶν εἶναι βουλόμενος ὅσον ἀπὸ τεσσαράκοντα σταδίων , καὶ γράφω πρὸς αὐτοὺς τάδε ·	²³⁴ Knowing from their letter that they had resolved to attack me, and wishing to be near to them, I left behind in my camp one of my firmest friends and set out from Chabolo with three thousand soldiers, and came to Jotapata, no more than forty furlongs away. Then I wrote to them as follows :
^[235] " εἰ πάντως με πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐλθεῖν βούλεσθε , διακόσιαι καὶ τέσσαρες κατὰ τὴν Γαλιλαίαν εἰσὶν πόλεις καὶ κῶμαι . Τούτων εἰς ἣν θελήσετε παραγενήσομαι χωρὶς Γαβάρων καὶ Γισχάλων · ἡ μὲν γὰρ πατρίς ἐστιν Ἰωάννου , ἡ δὲ σύμμαχος αὐτῷ καὶ φίλη ."	²³⁵ "If you seriously want me to come to you, you know there are two hundred and forty cities and villages in Galilee ; I will come to any of them you please, except Gabara and Gischala, as one of them is John's native city and the other is in alliance and friendship with him."
^[236] Ταῦτα τὰ γράμματα λαβόντες οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην οὐκέτι μὲν ἀντιγράφουσιν · συνέδριον δὲ τῶν φίλων καθίσαντες καὶ τὸν Ἰωάννην παραλαβόντες ἐβουλεύοντο , τίνα τρόπον ἐπιχειρήσωσί μοι .	²³⁶ When Jonathan and his group received this letter, they wrote me no more replies but summoned a meeting of their friends including John, and planned together how to lay hands upon me.
^[237] Καὶ Ἰωάννῃ μὲν ἐδόκει γράφειν πρὸς πάσας τὰς ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ πόλεις καὶ κώμας , εἶναι γὰρ ἐν ἑκάστῃ πάντως ἕνα γοῦν καὶ δεύτερον διάφορον ἐμοί , καὶ καλεῖν τούτους ὡς ἐπὶ πολέμιον ἐκελεύετο πέμπειν τὸ δόγμα τοῦτο καὶ εἰς τὴν Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν πόλιν , ἵνα κἀκεῖνοι γνόντες ὑπὸ τῶν Γαλιλαίων κεκρίσθαι με πολέμιον καὶ αὐτοὶ ψηφίσωνται · γενομένου γὰρ τούτου καὶ τοὺς εὔνως ἔχοντάς μοι Γαλιλαίους ἐγκαταλείψειν ἔφη φοβηθέντας .	²³⁷ John held that they should write to every city and village in Galilee, for in each there must be certainly one or two whose views differed from mine, who could be called upon to oppose me as an enemy. He wanted them to send this decree to the citizens of Jerusalem, that seeing me judged an enemy by the Galileans, they should confirm that decree. When this happened, even my Galilean supporters would desert me out of fear.
^[238] Ταῦτα συμβουλεύσαντος Ἰωάννου σφόδρα καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἤρεσεν τὰ λεχθέντα .	²³⁸ This counsel of John's was well received by the others.
^[239] Περὶ δ’ ὥραν τῆς νυκτὸς τρίτην εἰς γνῶσιν ἧκέ μοι ταῦτα , Σακχαίου τῶν σὺν αὐτοῖς τινος αὐτομολήσαντος πρός με καὶ τὴν ἐπιχείρησιν αὐτῶν ἀπαγγείλαντος · οὐκέτι δὴ δεῖν ὑπερτίθεσθαι τὸν καιρόν .	²³⁹ News of these matters reached me about the third hour of the night, through Saccheus, who had been on their side but now deserted them and came over to me and told me their plans and said that there was no time to be lost.
^[240] Ἄξιον δὲ κρίνας Ἰάκωβον ὁπλίτην τῶν περὶ ἐμὲ πιστὸν κελεύω διακοσίους ὁπλίτας λαβόντα φρουρεῖν τὰς ἀπὸ Γαβάρων εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν ἐξόδους , καὶ τοὺς παριόντας συλλαμβάνοντα πρὸς ἐμὲ πέμπειν , μάλιστα δὲ τοὺς μετὰ γραμμάτων ἁλισκομένους ·	²⁴⁰ So I told Jacob, a soldier of my bodyguard, whom I deemed faithful to me, to take two hundred men and guard the routes leading from Gabara to Galilee and to seize all who came through and send them to me, especially if they were carrying letters.
^[241] Ἰερεμίαν δὲ καὶ αὐτὸν ἐκ τῶν φίλων μου μεθ’ ἑξακοσίων ὁπλιτῶν εἰς τὴν μεθόριον τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἔπεμψα τὰς ἀπὸ ταύτης εἰς τὴν Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν πόλιν ὁδοὺς παραφυλάξοντα , πρόσταγμα δοὺς κἀκείνῳ τοὺς μετ’ ἐπιστολῶν ὁδεύοντας συλλαμβάνειν καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἄνδρας ἐν δεσμοῖς ἐπὶ τόπου φυλάττειν , τὰ δὲ γράμματα πρὸς ἐμὲ διαπέμπειν .	²⁴¹ I also sent another of my friends, Jeremias, with six hundred soldiers, to the borders of Galilee, to watch the roads leading from that district to Jerusalem, with orders to arrest any who travelled carrying letters, to imprison the men where they were but to send me the letters.
^[242] Ταῦτα τοῖς πεμπομένοις ἐντειλάμενος Γαλιλαίοις διήγγειλα κελεύων εἰς τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν ἀναλαβόντας τὰ ὅπλα καὶ τριῶν ἡμερῶν τροφὴν εἰς Γαβαρὼθ κώμην παραγενέσθαι πρός με . Τῶν δὲ περὶ ἐμὲ ὁπλιτῶν μοίρας τέτταρας νείμας τοὺς πιστοτάτους αὐτῶν περὶ τὴν τοῦ σώματος φυλακὴν ἔταξα , ταξιάρχους αὐτοῖς ἐπιστήσας καὶ φροντίζειν κελεύσας ὑπὲρ τοῦ μηδένα στρατιώτην ἄγνωστον αὐτοῖς συναναμίγνυσθαι .	²⁴² After giving them these orders, I sent to the Galileans to join me the next day, bringing their weapons and food for three days. I separated my company into four parts and assigned those who were most faithful to me as my bodyguard, and I set officers over them, with orders that no soldier whom they did not know should be let mix with them.
^[243] Τῇ δ’ ἐπιούσῃ περὶ πέμπτην ὥραν ἐν Γαβαρὼθ γενόμενος εὑρίσκω πᾶν τὸ πεδίον τὸ πρὸ τῆς κώμης ὁπλιτῶν πλῆρες τῶν ἐκ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἐπὶ τὴν συμμαχίαν παρόντων , ὡς αὐτοῖς παρηγγέλκειν · πολὺς δὲ καὶ ἄλλος ἐκ τῶν κωμῶν ὄχλος συνέτρεχεν .	²⁴³ Reaching Gabaroth about the fifth hour of the following day, I found the entire plain in front of the village full of soldiers, who had come from Galilee to help me, and many others were hurrying in from the villages.
^[244] Ἐπεὶ δὲ καταστὰς εἰς αὐτοὺς λέγειν ἠρξάμην , ἐβόων ἅπαντες Εὐεργέτην καὶ σωτῆρα τῆς χώρας αὐτῶν καλοῦντες . Κἀγὼ χάριν αὐτοῖς ἔχειν ὁμολογήσας συνεβούλευον πρὸς μηδένα μήτε πολεμεῖν μήτε ἁρπαγῇ μολύνειν τὰς χεῖρας , ἀλλὰ σκηνοῦν κατὰ τὸ πεδίον ἀρκουμένους τοῖς ἑαυτῶν ἐφοδίοις · θέλειν γὰρ ἔφασκον τὰς ταραχὰς χωρὶς φόνων καταστεῖλαι .	²⁴⁴ When I stood up and began to address them, they greeted me with acclamations, calling me the benefactor and saviour of their country. I thanked them and advised them not to attack anyone, nor to soil their hands with looting, but to camp in the plain and be content with their rations ; for I said that my wish was to settle these troubles without bloodshed.
^[245] Συνέβη δ’ αὐθημερὸν εἰς τὰς ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ κατασταθείσας τῶν ὁδῶν φυλακὰς τοὺς παρὰ τοῦ Ἰωνάθου πεμφθέντας μετὰ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν ἐμπεσεῖν . Καὶ οἱ μὲν ἄνδρες ἐφυλάχθησαν ἐπὶ τῶν τόπων , ὡς παρήγγειλα , τοῖς δὲ γράμμασιν ἐντυχὼν πλήρεσι βλασφημιῶν καὶ ψευσμάτων , οὐδενὶ ταῦτα φράσας ὁρμᾶν ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς διενοούμην .	²⁴⁵ Now on that very day the guards whom I had appointed to watch the roads captured some letter-bearers sent by John. The men themselves were arrested on the spot, as I had ordered, but when I got the letters, which were full of reproaches and lies, without saying a word of them to anyone, I planned to proceed against them.
^[246] Ἀκούσαντες δὲ οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην περὶ τῆς ἐμῆς ἀφίξεως τοὺς ἰδίους πάντας ἀναλαβόντες καὶ τὸν Ἰωάννην ὑπεχώρησαν εἰς τὴν Ἰησοῦ οἰκίαν · βᾶρις δ’ ἦν αὕτη μεγάλη καὶ οὐδὲν ἀκροπόλεως ἀποδέουσα . Κρύψαντες οὖν λόχον ὁπλιτῶν ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἀποκλείσαντες θύρας , μίαν δὲ ἀνοίξαντες , προσεδόκων ἥκειν ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ με πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀσπασόμενον .	²⁴⁶ When Jonathan's group heard of my arrival, they retreated with John to the residence of Joshua, a large castle like a citadel. Here they hid a band of soldiers and locked all the doors except one which they kept open, waiting for me to come to greet them after my journey.
^[247] Καὶ δὴ διδόασιν ἐντολὰς τοῖς ὁπλίταις , ἐπειδὰν παραγένωμαι , μόνον εἰσελθεῖν ἐᾶσαι τοὺς ἄλλους ἀπείρξαντας · οὕτως γὰρ ᾤοντό με γενήσεσθαι ῥᾳδίως αὐτοῖς ὑποχείριον .	²⁴⁷ They had ordered the soldiers to let no one come in but me, excluding all others ; so they expected to have me easily at their mercy.
^[248] Ἐψεύσθησαν δὲ τῆς ἐλπίδος · ἐγὼ γὰρ τὴν ἐπιβουλὴν προαισθόμενος , ὡς ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ παρεγενόμην καταλύσας ἄντικρυς αὐτῶν καθεύδειν ἐσκηπτόμην .	²⁴⁸ But their hopes were disappointed, for I saw their plot and at the end of my march took up lodgings across the road, and pretended to go to sleep there.
^[249] Καὶ οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην ὑπολαμβάνοντες ὄντως ἀναπαύεσθαί με καθυπνωμένον ὥρμησαν καταβάντες εἰς τὸ πλῆθος μεταπείθειν αὐτοὺς ὡς ἐμοῦ κακῶς στρατηγοῦντος .	²⁴⁹ Jonathan and his party, thinking me really asleep and at rest, hastened to go down into the open, to persuade the people that I was a bad governor.
^[250] Τἀναντία δὲ αὐτοῖς συνέπεσεν · ὀφθέντων γὰρ εὐθὺς ἐγένετο βοὴ παρὰ τῶν Γαλιλαίων πρὸς ἐμὲ τὸν στρατηγὸν εὐνοίας ἀξία , κατάμεμψίν τε ἐποιοῦντο τῶν περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην , ὅτι πάρεισιν οὐδὲν μὲν αὐτοὶ κακὸν προπεπονθότες , ἀνατρέψοντες δὲ τὰ ἐκείνων πράγματα , καὶ παρεκελεύοντο ἀπιέναι · μὴ γὰρ ἄν ποτε μεταπεισθῆναι προστάτην ἕτερον ἀντ’ ἐμοῦ λαβεῖν .	²⁵⁰ But the matter proved otherwise; for as soon as they appeared, the Galileans shouted out their good opinion of me as their governor; they criticised Jonathan and his partners for coming to them unprovoked, to throw their affairs into disorder, and ordered them to leave, as they were determined to accept no other ruler but myself.
^[251] Τούτων ἀπαγγελθέντων μοι προελθεῖν εἰς μέσους οὐκ ὤκνησα . Κατέβαινον οὖν εὐθέως , αὐτὸς τί λέγουσιν οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην ἀκουσόμενος . Προελθόντος δέ μου κρότος παρὰ παντὸς τοῦ πλήθους εὐθὺς ἦν καὶ μετ’ εὐφημιῶν ἐπιβοήσεις χάριν ἔχειν ὁμολογούντων τῇ ’μῇ στρατηγίᾳ .	²⁵¹ When I heard this, I no longer hesitated to go down but immediately went to hear what Jonathan's group had to say. At my appearance, the whole crowd acclaimed me and shouted my praises, expressing gratitude for my leadership.
^[252] Ταῦτα δ’ οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην ἀκούοντες ἐφοβήθησαν , μὴ καὶ κινδυνεύσωσιν ἀποθανεῖν ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς ὁρμησάντων τῶν Γαλιλαίων κατὰ τὴν πρὸς ἐμὲ χάριν · δρασμὸν οὖν ἐπενόουν . Μὴ δυνηθέντες δὲ ἀπελθεῖν , προσμεῖναι γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἠξίωσα , κατηφεῖς ἐστησάμενοι τῷ λόγῳ .	²⁵² When Jonathan and his companions heard this, they were afraid for their own lives and in danger of being attacked by the Galileans for my sake. They sought a way out but were unable to get away, for I told them to stay, so they had to stand there and listen as I spoke.
^[253] Προστάξας οὖν τῷ μὲν πλήθει τὰς εὐφημίας ἐπισχεῖν , καὶ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν τοὺς πιστοτάτους ταῖς ὁδοῖς ἐπιστήσας ὑπὲρ τοῦ φρουρεῖν , μὴ ἀπροσδοκήτως ἡμῖν ὁ Ἰωάννης ἐπιπέσῃ , παραινέσας δὲ καὶ τοῖς Γαλιλαίοις ἀναλαβεῖν τὰ ὅπλα , μὴ πρὸς τὴν ἔφοδον τῶν πολεμίων , ἐὰν γένηταί τις αἰφνίδιος ταραχθῶσιν , πρῶτον τῆς ἐπιστολῆς τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην ὑπεμίμνησκον ,	²⁵³ I told the people to stop their shouting and placed the most faithful of my soldiers at the exits, to guard us against an unexpected attack by John. I encouraged the Galileans to hold their weapons, for fear of being troubled by their enemies, if any sudden attack be made on them.
^[254] ὃν τρόπον γράψειαν ὑπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ τῶν Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν πεπέμφθαι διαλύσοντές μου τὰς πρὸς τὸν Ἰωάννην φιλονεικίας , ὡς παρακαλέσειάν τέ με πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀφικέσθαι .	²⁵⁴ Then I reminded Jonathan and his partners first of all how they had written to me that they were sent by the council of Jerusalem to resolve the differences between me and John and how they had asked me to come to them .
^[255] Καὶ ταῦτα διεξιὼν τὴν ἐπιστολὴν εἰς μέσους προύτεινον , ἵνα μηδὲν ἀρνήσασθαι δυνηθῶσιν ἐλεγχόντων αὐτοὺς τῶν γραμμάτων .	²⁵⁵ As I said this, I publicly showed the letter they had written, so that they could not deny it, with the letter itself as proof against them .
^[256] " Καὶ μήν , ἔφην , Ἰωνάθη ὑμεῖς τε οἱ συμπρέσβεις , εἰ πρὸς Ἰωάννην κρινόμενος ὑπὲρ τοῦ παραστῆσαι τὸν ἐμαυτοῦ βίον δύο τινὰς ἢ τρεῖς μάρτυρας καλοὺς κἀγαθοὺς ἤγαγον , δῆλον ὡς ἀνάγκην ἂν εἴχετε προεξετάσαντες καὶ τοὺς τούτων βίους ἀπαλλάξαι με τῶν ἐγκλημάτων .	²⁵⁶ Then I said, "Jonathan, and you his fellow-delegates, if I were to be judged in John's presence regarding my behaviour, and only brought here two or three good and true witnesses, it is clear that when you saw their characters, you would have to drop the accusations.
^[257] Ἵν’ οὖν γνῶτε καλῶς πεπρᾶχθαί μοι τὰ κατὰ τὴν Γαλιλαίαν , τρεῖς μὲν μάρτυρας ὀλίγους εἶναι νομίζω τῷ καλῶς βεβιωκότι , τούτους δὲ πάντας ὑμῖν δίδωμι .	²⁵⁷ Now so that you may be convinced that I have acted well in the affairs of Galilee, I think three witnesses too few to be brought by a man who has done his duty ; so I gave you all these people as witnesses.
^[258] Παρὰ τούτων οὖν πύθεσθε , τίνα τρόπον ἐβίωσα , εἰ μετὰ πάσης σεμνότητος καὶ πάσης ἀρετῆς ἐνθάδε πεπολίτευμαι . Καὶ δὴ Ὁρκίζω ὑμᾶς , ὦ Γαλιλαῖοι , μηδὲν ἐπικρύψασθαι τῆς ἀληθείας , λέγειν δ’ ἐπὶ τούτων ὡς δικαστῶν , εἴ τι μὴ καλῶς πέπρακται ."	²⁵⁸ Ask them how I have lived and whether I have not behaved decently and virtuously among them. And I urge you, my Galileans, to hide nothing of the truth, but declare before these men as before judges, whether in anything I have acted otherwise than well."
^[259] Ταῦτ’ ἔτι λέγοντος κοιναὶ παρὰ πάντων ἐγένοντο φωναὶ καλούντων Εὐεργέτην με καὶ σωτῆρα , καὶ περὶ μὲν τῶν πεπραγμένων ἐμαρτύρουν , περὶ δὲ τῶν πραχθησομένων παρεκάλουν , πάντες δ’ ὤμνυον ἀνυβρίστους μὲν ἔχειν τὰς γυναῖκας , λελυπῆσθαι δὲ μηδέποτε μηδὲν ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ .	²⁵⁹ as I was saying this, the people together with one voice called me their benefactor and saviour and attested to my past behaviour and urged me to continue the same in the future. They all swore that their wives had been preserved from harm and that no one had ever suffered injury from me.
^[260] μετὰ τοῦτο δύο τῶν ἐπιστολῶν , ἃς οἱ κατασταθέντες ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ φρουροὶ πεμφθείσας ὑπὸ τῶν περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην ἑλόντες ἀπεστάλκεισαν πρὸς ἐμέ , παρανεγίνωσκον τοῖς Γαλιλαίοις πολλῶν βλασφημιῶν πλήρεις καὶ καταψευδομένας , ὅτι τυραννίδι μᾶλλον ἢ στρατηγίᾳ χρῶμαι κατ’ αὐτῶν .	²⁶⁰ After this, I read to the Galileans two of the letters sent by Jonathan's group, which those whom I had appointed to guard the highway had taken and sent to me. These were full of reproaches and lies, claiming that I had acted with them more like a tyrant than a governor.
^[261] Ἕτερά τε πολλὰ πρὸς τούτοις ἐνεγέγραπτο μηδὲν παραλιπόντων ἀναισχύντου ψευδολογίας . Ἔφην δ’ ἐγὼ πρὸς τὸ πλῆθος τὰ γράμματα λαβεῖν δόντων ἑκουσίως τῶν κομιζόντων · οὐ γὰρ ἐβουλόμην αὐτοὺς τὰ περὶ τὰς φρουρὰς τοὺς ἐναντίους εἰδέναι , μὴ δείσαντες τοῦ γράφειν ἀποστῶσιν .	²⁶¹ There were many other things in them, which were no less than outright lies. I told the people how I came by these letters and that those who carried them handed them over voluntarily ; for I did not want my enemies to know I had set a guard, lest they give up writing to me.
^[262] Ταῦτ’ ἀκοῦσαν τὸ πλῆθος σφόδρα παροξυνθὲν ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην ὥρμα καὶ τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ συμπαρόντας ὡς διαφθεροῦντες · κἂν ἐπεπράχεισαν τὸ ἔργον , εἰ μὴ τοὺς μὲν Γαλιλαίους ἔπαυσα τῆς ὀργῆς , τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην δ’ ἔφην συγγινώσκειν τῶν ἤδη πεπραγμένων , εἰ μέλλοιεν μετανοήσειν καὶ πορευθέντες εἰς τὴν πατρίδα λέγοιεν τοῖς πέμψασι τἀληθῆ περὶ τῶν ἐμοὶ πεπολιτευμένων .	²⁶² Hearing what I said, the people were so angry at Jonathan and his colleagues that they would have attacked and killed them, and this they would certainly have done, if I had not restrained the Galileans' anger and said that I forgave Jonathan's group what was past, if they would repent and go back to their own region and tell those who sent them the truth about my conduct.
^[263] Ταῦτ’ εἰπὼν ἀπέλυον αὐτοὺς καίτοι γιγνώσκων , ὅτι μηδὲν ὧν ὑπέσχοντο ποιήσουσιν . Τὸ πλῆθος δ’ εἰς ὀργὴν ἐξεκαίετο κατ’ αὐτῶν κἀμὲ παρεκάλουν ἐπιτρέπειν αὐτοῖς τιμωρήσασθαι τοὺς τοιαῦτα τολμήσαντας .	²⁶³ Saying this I let them go, although knowing well that they would fulfil none of their promises ; but the people were enraged at them and begged me to let them punish them for their insolence.
^[264] Παντοῖος μὲν [ οὖν ] ἐγινόμην πείθων αὐτοὺς φείσασθαι τῶν ἀνδρῶν · πᾶσαν γὰρ ᾔδειν στάσιν ὄλεθρον οὖσαν τοῦ κοινῇ συμφέροντος · τὸ δὲ πλῆθος ἔσχεν τὴν κατ’ αὐτῶν ὀργὴν ἀμετάβλητον , καὶ πάντες ὥρμησαν ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκίαν , ἐν ᾗ κατήγοντο οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην .	²⁶⁴ I did everything I could to persuade them to spare the men ; for I knew that every civil conflict is harmful to the common good. But the crowd was too angry with them to be dissuaded and they all went immediately to the house where Jonathan's group lodged.
^[265] Ἐγὼ δὲ συνορῶν τὴν ὁρμὴν οὖσαν αὐτῶν ἀνεπίσχετον ἀναπηδήσας ἐφ’ ἵππον ἐκέλευσα τοῖς πλήθεσιν πρὸς Σωγάνην κώμην ἕπεσθαι Γαβάρων ἀπέχουσαν εἴκοσι στάδια . Καὶ τοιούτῳ στρατηγήματι χρησάμενος παρέσχον ἐμαυτῷ τὸ μὴ δοκεῖν ἐμφυλίου πολέμου κατάρχειν .	²⁶⁵ When I saw that their rage could not be restrained, I got on a horse and ordered the crowds to follow me to the village of Sogane, which was twenty furlongs from Gabara, and in this way I guarded myself against appearing to begin a civil war.
^[266] Ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ τὰς Σωγανέας ἐγενόμην , ἐπιστήσας τὸ πλῆθος καὶ παραινέσει χρησάμενος περὶ τοῦ μὴ πρὸς τὰς ὀργὰς καὶ ταῦτ’ ἐπ’ ἀνηκέστοις τιμωρίαις ὀξέως φέρεσθαι , κελεύω τοὺς καθ’ ἡλικίαν ἤδη προβεβηκότας καὶ πρώτους παρ’ αὐτοῖς ἑκατὸν ἄνδρας ὡς πορευσομένους εἰς τὴν Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν πόλιν εὐτρεπίζεσθαι , μέμψιν ποιησομένους ἐπὶ τοῦ δήμου τῶν τὴν χώραν διαστασιαζόντων .	²⁶⁶ As I approached Sogane, I got the people to halt and urged them not to be so easily stirred to anger nor to inflict punishments that could not later be recalled. I also commanded that a hundred men, of mature age and prominence among them, should get ready to go to Jerusalem with a complaint against those who were splitting the district into factions.
^[267] " Καὶ ἐὰν ἐπικλασθῶσιν , ἔφην , πρὸς τοὺς λόγους ὑμῶν , παρακαλέσατε τὸ κοινὸν γράψαι πρὸς ἐμὲ μένειν κελεύοντας ἐπὶ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ,	²⁶⁷ I said, "If they are moved by what you say, ask the council to write to me and with orders to continue in Galilee and orders for Jonathan's group to leave it."
^[268] τοὺς δὲ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην ἀναχωρεῖν ἐκεῖθεν ." Ταύτας αὐτοῖς τὰς ὑποθήκας δοὺς ἐναρμοσαμένων τε ταχέως ἐκείνων ἡμέρᾳ τρίτῃ μετὰ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τὴν ἀποστολὴν ἐποιησάμην , συμπέμψας ὁπλίτας πεντακοσίους .	²⁶⁸ When I had given them these instructions and they got ready as fast as they could, the third day after the meeting I sent them on this errand, escorted by five hundred soldiers.
^[269] Ἐγραψα δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἐν Σαμαρείᾳ φίλοις προνοήσασθαι τοῦ ἀσφαλῆ γενέσθαι τὴν πορείαν αὐτοῖς · ἤδη γὰρ ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίοις ἦν ἡ Σαμάρεια καὶ πάντως ἔδει τοὺς ταχὺ βουλομένους ἀπελθεῖν δι’ ἐκείνης πορεύεσθαι · τρισὶν [ γὰρ ] ἡμέραις ἀπὸ Γαλιλαίας ἔνεστιν οὕτως εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα καταλῦσαι .	²⁶⁹ I also wrote to my friends in Samaria, to provide them safe passage through the district. For Samaria was already under the Romans and for a rapid transit it was absolutely necessary to pass through there ; for by that route you may get from Galilee to Jerusalem in three days.
^[270] Συμπαρέπεμψα δὲ τοὺς πρέσβεις κἀγὼ μέχρι τῶν τῆς Γαλιλαίας ὅρων φύλακας ἐπιστήσας ταῖς ὁδοῖς ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ ῥᾳδίως τινὰ μαθεῖν ἀπαλλαττομένους . Καὶ ταῦτα πράξας ἐν Ἰάφοις τὴν διατριβὴν ἐποιούμην .	²⁷⁰ I myself conducted the delegates as far as the borders of Galilee, posting guards on the roads, that it might not be easily known how they had gone. With this done, I settled at Jaffa.
^[271] Οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην διαμαρτόντες τῆς κατ’ ἐμοῦ πράξεως Ἰωάννην ἀπέλυσαν εἰς τὰ Γίσχαλα , αὐτοὶ δ’ εἰς τὴν Τιβεριέων πόλιν πεπόρευντο λήψεσθαι προσδοκῶντες αὐτὴν ὑποχείριον , ἐπειδὴ καὶ Ἰησοῦς κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον ἐγεγράφει πρὸς αὐτοὺς πείσειν ἐπαγγελλόμενος τὸ πλῆθος ἐλθόντας ὑποδέχεσθαι καὶ αὐτοῖς ἑλέσθαι προστεθῆναι .	²⁷¹ Having failed to accomplish their plan against me, Jonathan's group sent John back to Gischala, but went themselves to Tiberias, expecting it to submit to them, since Joshua, then its governor, had written them a letter, promising that if they came the people would receive them and elect to join them.
^[272] Ἐκεῖνοι μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ τοιαύταις ἐλπίσιν ἀπῆλθον , ἀπαγγέλλει δέ μοι ταῦτα Σίλας διὰ γραμμάτων , ὃν ἔφην τῆς Τιβεριάδος ἐπιμελητὴν καταλελοιπέναι , καὶ σπεύδειν ἠξίου . Κἀγὼ ταχέως ὑπακούσας αὐτῷ καὶ παραγενόμενος εἰς κίνδυνον ἀπωλείας κατέστην ἐξ αἰτίας τοιαύτης .	²⁷² So they set out with this expectation. But Silas, whom, as I said, I had left in charge of Tiberias, told me of it and asked me to hurry there. I complied immediately with his advice and came there, but found my own life in danger, in this way :
^[273] Οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην γενόμενοι παρὰ τοῖς Τιβεριεῦσιν καὶ πολλοὺς πείσαντες ἀποστῆναί μου διαφόρους ὄντας , ὡς ἤκουσαν τὴν ἐμὴν παρουσίαν , δείσαντες περὶ ἑαυτῶν ἧκον πρὸς ἐμέ , καὶ ἀσπασάμενοι μακαρίζειν ἔλεγον οὕτως περὶ τὴν Γαλιλαίαν ἀναστραφέντα , συνήδεσθαί τε διὰ τιμῆς ἀγομένῳ ·	²⁷³ Jonathan's group had been at Tiberias and had persuaded many who had differed with me to desert me; but when they heard of my coming, they were afraid for themselves and came out to me. After greeting me, they said that I was a fortunate man in having behaved so well in the government of Galilee; and they congratulated me for the honours that were paid me.
^[274] κόσμον γὰρ ἑαυτῶν εἶναι τὴν ἐμὴν δόξαν ἔφασαν , ὡς ἂν διδασκάλων τέ μου γενομένων καὶ πολιτῶν ὄντων , δικαιοτέραν τε τῆς Ἰωάννου τὴν ἐμὴν πρὸς αὐτοὺς φιλίαν ὑπάρχειν ἔλεγον , καὶ σπεύδειν μὲν εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἀπελθεῖν , περιμένειν δ’ ἕως ὑποχείριον τὸν Ἰωάννην ἐμοὶ ποιήσωσιν .	²⁷⁴ For they said that my glory was a credit to them, as my teachers and fellow citizens ; they also said that it was only just for them to prefer my friendship rather than John's and that they would have immediately gone home, and only stayed in order to hand over John into my power.
^[275] Καὶ ταῦτα λέγοντες ἐπώμοσαν τοὺς φρικωδεστάτους ὅρκους παρ’ ἡμῖν , δι’ οὓς ἀπιστεῖν οὐ θεμιτὸν ἡγούμην . Καὶ δὴ παρακαλοῦσίν με τὴν κατάλυσιν ἀλλαχοῦ ποιήσασθαι διὰ τὸ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν ἡμέραν εἶναι σάββατον · ὀχλεῖσθαι δὲ μὴ δεῖν ὑπ’ αὐτῶν τὴν πόλιν τῶν Τιβεριέων ἔφασκον .	²⁷⁵ As they said this they swore to it with oaths of the most fearful kind among us, such as I did not think fit to doubt. However, they asked me to lodge somewhere else, because the next day was the Sabbath, when it was not right, they said, to inconvenience the city of the Tiberians.
^[276] Κἀγὼ μηδὲν ὑπονοήσας ἐς τὰς Ταριχέας ἀπῆλθον καταλιπὼν ὅμως ἐν τῇ Βηθήλῃ τοὺς πολυπραγμονήσοντας , τί περὶ ἡμῶν λέγοιτο . Διὰ πάσης δὲ τῆς ὁδοῦ τῆς ἀπὸ Ταριχεῶν εἰς Τιβεριάδα φερούσης ἐπέστησα πολλούς , ἵνα μοι δι’ ἀλλήλων σημαίνωσιν ἅπερ ἂν παρὰ τῶν ἐν τῇ Βηθήλῃ καταλειφθέντων πύθωνται .	²⁷⁶ Suspecting nothing I went away to Tarichea; yet I also left some behind, to find out what was said in the city about us. I also set several people along the road from Tarichea to Tiberias, to pass along any news they might learn from those who were back in the city.
^[277] Κατὰ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν οὖν ἡμέραν συνάγονται πάντες εἰς τὴν προσευχὴν μέγιστον οἴκημα καὶ πολὺν ὄχλον ἐπιδέξασθαι δυνάμενον . Εἰσελθὼν δὲ ὁ Ἰωνάθης φανερῶς μὲν περὶ τῆς ἀποστάσεως οὐκ ἐτόλμα λέγειν , ἔφη δὲ στρατηγοῦ κρείττονος χρείαν τὴν πόλιν αὐτῶν ἔχειν .	²⁷⁷ Next day there was a meeting in the prayer-house, a large building that could hold a large number of people. Jonathan went in and though he dared not openly speak of a revolt, he said that their city needed a better governor than it then had.
^[278] Ἰησοῦς δ’ ὁ ἄρχων οὐδὲν ὑποστειλάμενος ἀναφανδὸν εἶπεν · " Ἄμεινόν ἐστιν , ὦ πολῖται , τέσσαρσιν ἡμᾶς ἀνδράσιν ὑπακούειν ἢ ἑνί , καὶ κατὰ γένος λαμπροῖς καὶ κατὰ σύνεσιν οὐκ ἀδόξοις ." Ὑπεδείκνυε δὲ τοὺς περὶ Ἰωνάθην .	²⁷⁸ Joshua their leader had no such scruple and said openly, "Fellow citizens, it is better for you to be ruled by four rather than one; and by those who are of high birth and with a reputation for wisdom," pointing to Jonathan's group.
^[279] Ταῦτ’ εἰπόντα τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐπῄνει παρελθὼν Ἰοῦστος καί τινας ἐκ τοῦ δήμου συνέπειθεν . Οὐκ ἠρέσκετο δὲ τοῖς λεχθεῖσιν τὸ πλῆθος καὶ πάντως ἂν εἰς στάσιν ἐχώρησαν , εἰ μὴ τὴν σύνοδον διέλυσεν ἐπελθοῦσα ἕκτη ὥρα , καθ’ ἣν τοῖς σάββασιν ἀριστοποιεῖσθαι νόμιμόν ἐστιν ἡμῖν , καὶ οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην εἰς τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν ὑπερθέμενοι τὴν βουλὴν ἀπῄεσαν ἄπρακτοι .	²⁷⁹ As he said this, Justus entered and supported him and persuaded some others of the people to share this view too. But the majority were not pleased with what was said and would have certainly gone into an uproar, except that the arrival of the sixth hour dissolved the meeting, at which hour our laws require us to go to dinner on Sabbath days. So Jonathan's group put off their council until the next day and went off without success.
^[280] Εὐθὺς δέ μοι τούτων ἀπαγγελθέντων πρωῒ διέγνων εἰς τὴν Τιβεριέων πόλιν ἀφικέσθαι , καὶ τῇ ἐπιούσῃ περὶ τὴν ὥραν ἧκον ἀπὸ τῶν Ταριχεῶν , καταλαμβάνω δὲ συναγόμενον ἤδη τὸ πλῆθος εἰς τὴν προσευχήν · ἐφ’ ὅ τι δ’ ἦν αὐτοῖς ἡ σύνοδος οὐκ ἐγίνωσκον οἱ συλλεγόμενοι .	²⁸⁰ When told of these matters, I decided to go in the morning to Tiberias. Next day, about the first hour of daylight, I came from Tarichea and found the people already gathered in the prayer-house; but those who were there did not know why they had convened.
^[281] Οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην ἀπροσδοκήτως θεασάμενοί με παρόντα διεταράχθησαν . Εἶτ’ ἐπινοοῦσιν διαδοῦναι λόγον , ὅτι Ῥωμαίων ἱππεῖς ἐν τῇ μεθορίῳ πόρρω τριάκοντα σταδίων ἀπὸ τῆς πόλεως κατὰ τόπον λεγόμενον Ὁμόνοιαν εἰσὶν ἑωραμένοι .	²⁸¹ When Jonathan's group saw me there unexpectedly, they were shaken, and invented a rumour that Roman horsemen had been seen at the border, at a place called Union, thirty furlongs from the city.
^[282] Καὶ προσαγγελθέντων τούτων ἐξ ὑποβολῆς παρεκάλουν οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην μὴ περιιδεῖν ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων λεηλατουμένην αὐτῶν τὴν γῆν . Ταῦτα δ’ ἔλεγον δι’ ἐννοίας ἔχοντες ἐμὲ προφάσει τῆς κατεπειγούσης βοηθείας μεταστήσαντες αὐτοὶ τὴν πόλιν ἐχθράν μοι κατασκευάσαι .	²⁸² When this fictitious report arrived, Jonathan's people urged me not to look about me while the land was plundered by the enemy. Their aim was to get me out of the way, under pretext that my help was needed, and in my absence make the city hostile to me.
^[283] Ἐγὼ δὲ καίπερ εἰδὼς αὐτῶν τὸ ἐνθύμημα ὅμως ὑπήκουσα , μὴ δόξαν παράσχω τοῖς Τιβεριεῦσιν οὐ προνοούμενος αὐτῶν τῆς ἀσφαλείας . Ἐξῆλθον οὖν , καὶ γενόμενος κατὰ τὸν τόπον , ὡς οὐδ’ ἴχνος πολεμίων εὗρον ,	²⁸³ Although aware of their plan, I complied with their proposal, for fear the Tiberians should think me heedless of their security. Out I went, but when I reached the place I found not the least trace of any enemy,
^[284] ὑποστρέφω συντόνως ὁδεύσας , καὶ καταλαμβάνω τήν τε βουλὴν πᾶσαν συνεληλυθυῖαν καὶ τὸν δημοτικὸν ὄχλον ποιουμένους τε πολλὴν κατηγορίαν μου τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην , ὡς τοῦ μὲν τὸν πόλεμον ἐπελαφρύνειν αὐτοῖς ἀμελοῦντος , ἐν τρυφαῖς δὲ διάγοντος .	²⁸⁴ so back I came as fast as I could and found the whole council and the body of the people asembled, and Jonathan's group bringing hot accusations against me, that I had no concern to spare them the burdens of war and that I lived luxuriously.
^[285] Ταῦτα δὲ λέγοντες προύφερον ἐπιστολὰς τέσσαρας ὡς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐν τῇ μεθορίᾳ τῆς Γαλιλαίας γεγραμμένας πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ βοήθειαν ἥκειν παρακαλούντων , Ῥωμαίων γὰρ δύναμιν μέλλειν ἱππέων τε καὶ πεζῶν εἰς τρίτην ἡμέραν τὴν χώραν αὐτῶν λεηλατεῖν , ἐπισπεύδειν τε καὶ μὴ περιοφθῆναι δεομένων .	²⁸⁵ As they said this, they produced four letters, as written to them from some people who lived at the borders of Galilee, imploring their help, because an army of Romans, both horsemen and infantry, was about to lay waste the country in three days time ; they asked them also to hurry and not to ignore them.
^[286] Ταῦτ’ ἀκούσαντες οἱ Τιβεριεῖς λέγειν ἀληθῆ δόξαντες αὐτοὺς καταβοήσεις ἐποιοῦντο , μὴ καθέζεσθαί με δεῖν λέγοντες , ἀλλ’ ἀπελθεῖν ἐπικουρήσοντα τοῖς ὁμοεθνέσιν αὐτῶν .	²⁸⁶ When the Tiberians heard this, they thought they spoke truth and complained against me and said I ought not to sit idly by, but to go off to the help of their countrymen.
^[287] Πρὸς ταῦτ’ ἐγώ , συνῆκα γὰρ τὴν ἐπίνοιαν τῶν περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην , ὑπακούσεσθαι μὲν ἔφην ἑτοίμως καὶ χωρὶς ἀναβολῆς ὁρμήσειν πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ἐπηγγειλάμην , συνεβούλευον δ’ ὅμως , ἐπεὶ τὰ γράμματα κατὰ τέσσαρας τόπους Ῥωμαίους σημαίνει προσβαλεῖν , εἰς πέντε μοίρας διελόντας τὴν δύναμιν ἑκάστῃ τούτων ἐπιστῆσαι τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην καὶ τοὺς ἑταίρους αὐτοῦ‎ ·	²⁸⁷ At this, knowing the intentions of Jonathan's group, I said I was ready to agree with what they proposed and to march without delay to the war they spoke about, yet I also advised them that since these letters claimed that the Romans would make their attack in four separate places, they should divide their forces into five troops and make Jonathan's group generals of each troop of them,
^[288] πρέπειν γὰρ ἀνδράσιν ἀγαθοῖς μὴ μόνον συμβουλεύειν , ἀλλὰ χρείας ἐπειγούσης ἡγουμένους βοηθεῖν · ἐγὼ γὰρ πλὴν μιᾶς μοίρας οὐκ ἔφην ἀφηγεῖσθαι δυνατὸς εἶναι .	²⁸⁸ for it was the task of brave men not only to give advice but also to act as leaders and help their countrymen when such a need arose, for, said I , "it is impossible for me to lead more than one troop."
^[289] Σφόδρα τῷ πλήθει συνήρεσεν ἡ ’μὴ συμβουλία · κἀκείνους οὖν ἠνάγκαζον ἐπὶ τὸν πόλεμον ἐξιέναι . Τοῖς δ’ οὔτι μετρίως συνεχύθησαν αἱ γνῶμαι μὴ κατεργασαμένοις ἃ διενοήθησαν ἐμοῦ τοῖς ἐπιχειρήμασιν αὐτῶν ἀντιστρατηγήσαντος .	²⁸⁹ My advice was favoured by the majority ; so they compelled them to go out to the war. When their plans failed due to my counter-ruse, they were embarrassed beyond measure.
^[290] Εἷς δέ τις ἐξ αὐτῶν Ἀνανίας τοὔνομα , πονηρὸς ἀνὴρ καὶ κακοῦργος , εἰσηγεῖτο τοῖς πλήθεσι πανδημεὶ νηστείαν εἰς τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν τῷ θεῷ προθέσθαι καὶ κατὰ τὴν αὐτὴν ὥραν ἐκέλευεν εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν τόπον ἀνόπλους παρεῖναι τῷ θεῷ φανερὸν ποιήσοντας , ὅτι μὴ τῆς παρ’ ἐκείνου τυγχάνοντες βοηθείας πᾶν ὅπλον ἄχρηστον εἶναι νομίζουσιν .	²⁹⁰ One of them called Ananias, a wicked and very mischievous man, proposed a public fast for the next day for all the people in God's name, calling for them to assemble at the same hour and the same place, without weapons, to display before God that they considered all these weapons useless as long as they had his help.
^[291] Ταῦτα δ’ ἔλεγεν οὐ δι’ εὐσέβειαν , ἀλλ’ ὑπὲρ τοῦ λαβεῖν ἄνοπλόν με καὶ τοὺς ἐμούς . Κἀγὼ δι’ ἀνάγκην ὑπήκουον , μὴ δόξω καταφρονεῖν τῆς περὶ τὴν εὐσέβειαν ὑποθήκης .	²⁹¹ This he said, not from piety, but in order to catch me and my friends unarmed. I had to agree, for fear of seeming to despise a devout proposal.
^[292] ὡς οὖν ἀνεχωρήσαμεν ἐπὶ τὰ ἑαυτῶν , οἱ μὲν περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην γράφουσι τῷ Ἰωάννῃ πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἕωθεν ἀφικέσθαι κελεύοντες μεθ’ ὅσων ἂν στρατιωτῶν δυνηθῇ · λήψεσθαι γὰρ εὖ ἐμὲ ὑποχείριον καὶ ποιήσειν ὅπερ ἔχει δι’ εὐχῆς . Δεξάμενος δὲ τὴν ἐπιστολὴν ἐκεῖνος ὑπακούειν ἔμελλεν .	²⁹² As soon as we had gone home, Jonathan's group wrote to John to come to them in the morning and to bring as many soldiers as he possibly could, for then they could easily get me into their hands and do what they wanted to do. When John received this letter, he decided to agree.
^[293] Ἐγὼ δὲ τῆς ἐπιούσης ἡμέρας δύο τῶν περὶ ἐμὲ σωματοφυλάκων τοὺς κατ’ ἀνδρείαν δοκιμωτάτους καὶ κατὰ πίστιν βεβαίους κελεύω ξιφίδια κρύψαντας ὑπὸ τὰς ἐσθῆτας ἐμοὶ συμπροελθεῖν , ἵν’ εἰ γένοιτο παρὰ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἐπίθεσις ἀμυνώμεθα . Θώρακα δ’ ἔλαβον αὐτὸς καὶ μάχαιραν ὑπεζωσάμην ὡς οἷόν τ’ ἦν ἀφανέστατα καὶ ἦλθον εἰς τὴν προσευχήν .	²⁹³ The next day I told two of my bodyguards whom I deemed the bravest and most faithful, to accompany me with daggers hidden under their dress, for self defence if any attack were made by our enemies. I myself took my breastplate and wearing my sword as inconspicuously as possible, came into the prayer-house.
^[294] Τοὺς μὲν οὖν σὺν ἐμοὶ πάντας ἐκκλεῖσαι προσέταξεν Ἰησοῦς ὁ ἄρχων , αὐτὸς γὰρ ταῖς θύραις ἐφειστήκει , μόνον δ’ ἐμὲ μετὰ τῶν φίλων εἰσελθεῖν εἴασεν .	²⁹⁴ Joshua, who was in charge, told them to exclude all who came with me, for he guarded the door himself and let none in except his friends.
^[295] Ἤδη δ’ ἡμῶν τὰ νόμιμα ποιούντων καὶ πρὸς εὐχὰς τραπομένων ἀναστὰς Ἰησοῦς περὶ τῶν ληφθέντων ἐκ τοῦ ἐμπρησμοῦ τῆς βασιλικῆς αὐλῆς σκευῶν τοῦ ἀσήμου ἀργυρίου ἐπυνθάνετό μου , παρὰ τίνι τυγχάνει κείμενα . Ταῦτα δ’ ἔλεγεν διατρίβειν τὸν χρόνον βουλόμενος , ἕως ἂν ὁ Ἰωάννης παραγένηται .	²⁹⁵ While we were engaged in the duties of the day and had attended to our prayers, Joshua got up and asked me what became of the vessels and uncoined silver taken from the king's palace when it was burned down, and who held them now. He said this just to pass the time until John's arrival.
^[296] Κἀγὼ πάντα Καπέλλαν ἔχειν εἶπον καὶ τοὺς δέκα πρώτους Τιβεριέων · " Ἀνάκριναι δ’ αὐτός , ἔφην , οὐ ψεύδομαι ." Τῶν δὲ παρ’ ἑαυτοῖς εἶναι λεγόντων " Οἱ δ’ εἴκοσιν , εἶπεν , χρυσοῖ , οὓς ἔλαβες πωλήσας τινὰ σταθμὸν ἀσήμου ,	²⁹⁶ I said that Capella and the ten leading Tiberians had them and could say if I was lying or not. When they affirmed they had them, he asked me, "What became of those twenty pieces of gold you got at the sale of some uncoined money?"
^[297] τί γεγόνασιν ;" καὶ τούτους ἔφην δεδωκέναι πρέσβεσιν αὐτῶν ἐφόδιον πεμφθεῖσιν εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα . Πρὸς ταῦτα οἱ μὲν περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην οὐ καλῶς ἔφασαν πεποιηκέναι με δόντα τοῖς πρέσβεσιν τὸν μισθὸν ἐκ τοῦ κοινοῦ .	²⁹⁷ I replied that I had given them to their own envoys as a travel allowance, when they were sent by them to Jerusalem but Jonathan's group said it was wrong to pay the envoys out of public money.
^[298] Παροξυνθέντος δὲ τοῦ πλήθους ἐπὶ τούτοις , ἐνόησαν γὰρ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὴν πονηρίαν , συνεὶς ἐγὼ στάσιν μέλλουσαν ἐξάπτεσθαι καὶ προσεξερεθίσαι μᾶλλον βουλόμενος τὸν δῆμον ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους , " Ἀλλ’ εἴ γε μὴ ὀρθῶς , εἶπον , ἔπραξα δοὺς τὸν μισθὸν ἐκ τοῦ κοινοῦ τοῖς πρέσβεσιν ὑμῶν , παύεσθε χαλεπαίνοντες · ἐγὼ γὰρ τοὺς εἴκοσι χρυσοῦς αὐτὸς ἀποτίσω ."	²⁹⁸ As the people were exasperated with them, aware of their malice, I saw that a riot was at hand, and wanting to provoke the people to greater rage against the men, I said, "But if I have done wrong in paying our envoys out of the public stock, stop being angry at me, for I will repay the twenty pieces of gold myself."

Chapter 10 He defeats his opponents and grants them amnesty
299-372

☜ ☞

^[299] Ταῦτ’ εἰπόντος , οἱ μὲν περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην ἡσύχασαν , ὁ δὲ δῆμος ἔτι μᾶλλον κατ’ αὐτῶν παρωξύνθη φανερὰν ἐπιδεικνυμένων τὴν ἄδικον πρὸς ἐμὲ δυσμένειαν .	²⁹⁹ When I had said this, Jonathan's group held their peace ; but the people were still more stirred up against them, as they had openly shown their unjust ill-will to me.
^[300] Συνιδὼν δὲ τὴν μεταβολὴν αὐτῶν Ἰησοῦς τὸν μὲν δῆμον ἐκέλευεν ἀναχωρεῖν , προσμεῖναι δὲ τὴν βουλὴν ἠξίωσεν · οὐ γὰρ δύνασθαι θορυβουμένους περὶ πραγμάτων τοιούτων τὴν ἐξέτασιν ποιεῖσθαι .	³⁰⁰ Seeing this change in the people, Joshua made them leave but asked the council to stay, since they could not examine things of this nature in such a rowdy scene.
^[301] Τοῦ δὲ δήμου βοῶντος μὴ καταλείψειν παρ’ αὐτοῖς ἐμὲ μόνον , ἧκέν τις ἀγγέλλων κρύφα τοῖς περὶ τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ἰωάννην μετὰ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν πλησιάζειν . Καὶ οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην οὐκέτι κατασχόντες αὑτούς , τάχα καὶ τοῦ θεοῦ προνοοῦντος τῆς ἐμῆς σωτηρίας , μὴ γὰρ ἂν γενομένου τούτου πάντως ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἰωάννου διεφθάρην ,	³⁰¹ As the people called out that they would not leave me alone, a messenger came and secretly told Joshua and his friends that John and his soldiers were at hand, so Jonathan's group, no longer restraining themselves, (and perhaps the providence of God saved me through this, for had it not happened I would certainly have been killed by John,) said,
^[302] " Παύσασθε , ἔφη , ὦ Τιβεριεῖς , τὴν ζήτησιν εἴκοσι χρυσῶν ἕνεκεν · διὰ τούτους μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ἄξιός ἐστιν Ἰώσηπος ἀποθανεῖν , ὅτι δὲ τυραννεῖν ἐπεθύμησεν καὶ τὰ τῶν Γαλιλαίων πλήθη Λόγοις ἀπατήσας τὴν ἀρχὴν αὑτῷ κατεκτήσατο ." Ταῦτα λέγοντος εὐθύς μοι τὰς χεῖρας ἐπέβαλον ἀναιρεῖν τ’ ἐπειρῶντο .	³⁰² "People of Tiberias, be done with this inquiry about the twenty pieces of gold. It is not for them that Josephus has deserved to die ; but for wanting to be a tyrant and deceiving the Galilean people with his speeches, to gain power over them." As he was saying this, they laid hands upon me to kill me.
^[303] ὡς δ’ εἶδον οἱ σὺν ἐμοὶ τὸ γιγνόμενον , σπασάμενοι τὰς μαχαίρας καὶ παίειν ἀπειλήσαντες , εἰ βιάζοιντο , τοῦ τε δήμου λίθους ἀραμένου καὶ βάλλειν ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην ὁρμήσαντος ἐξαρπάζουσί με τῆς τῶν πολεμίων βίας .	³⁰³ But as soon as my supporters saw what they were doing, they drew their swords, threatening to strike if any violence was done to me. The people also took up stones to throw at Jonathan ; and so they hurried me away from the violence of my enemies.
^[304] Ἐπεὶ δὲ προελθὼν ὀλίγον ὑπαντιάζειν ἔμελλον τῷ Ἰωάννῃ προσιόντι μετὰ τῶν ὁπλιτῶν , δείσας ἐκεῖνον μὲν ἐξέκλινα , διὰ στενωποῦ δέ τινος ἐπὶ τὴν λίμνην σωθεὶς καὶ πλοίου λαβόμενος , ἐμβὰς εἰς τὰς Ταριχέας διεπεραιώθην ἀπροσδοκήτως τὸν κίνδυνον διαφυγών .	³⁰⁴ But on my way out, I almost bumped into John, who was coming in with his soldiers. I turned aside from him in alarm and escaping through a narrow passage to the lake I seized a boat, embarked in it and sailed over to Tarichea. So, beyond all expectation, I escaped this danger.
^[305] Μεταπέμπομαί τ’ εὐθὺς τοὺς πρωτεύοντας τῶν Γαλιλαίων καὶ φράζω τὸν τρόπον , ᾧ παρασπονδηθεὶς ὑπὸ τῶν περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην καὶ τοὺς Τιβεριεῖς παρ’ ὀλίγον παρ’ αὐτῶν διαφθαρείην .	³⁰⁵ Immediately I sent for the chief Galileans and told them how, despite all the promises given by Jonathan's friends and the Tiberians, I had very nearly been killed by them.
^[306] Ὀργισθὲν δ’ ἐπὶ τούτοις τῶν Γαλιλαίων τὸ πλῆθος παρεκελεύετό μοι μηκέτι μέλλειν τὸν πρὸς αὐτοὺς πόλεμον ἐκφέρειν , ἀλλ’ ἐπιτρέπειν αὐτοῖς ἐλθοῦσιν ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰωάννην ἄρδην αὐτὸν ἀφανίσαι καὶ τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἰωνάθην .	³⁰⁶ At this the ordinary Galileans were furious and urged me to delay no longer in making war, but to let them proceed against John and the friends of Jonathan, and wipe them out.
^[307] Ἐπεῖχον δ’ ὅμως αὐτοὺς ἐγὼ καίπερ οὕτως ὀργιζομένους , περιμένειν αὐτοὺς κελεύων ἕως μάθωμεν , τί οἱ πεμφθέντες ὑπ’ αὐτῶν εἰς τὴν Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν πόλιν ἀπαγγελοῦσιν · μετὰ τῆς ἐκείνων

LIFE OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS
βίος Φλαυίου Ἰωσήπου

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. Family, education and early manhood of Josephus
1-16

Chapter 2 Beginnings of the Jewish revolt against Rome
17-42

Chapter 3 Factions among the Galilean rebels
43-76

Chapter 4 Josephus as peaceful defender of Galilee 77-100

Chapter 5 Risks run by Josephus, for the sake of justice
101-125

Chapter 6 Josephus's intentions are misunderstood
126-144

Chapter 7 Josephus forestalls his enemies
145-184

Chapter 8 Josephus' strong leadership, in Galilee
185-215

Chapter 9 Various plots to depose Josephus
216-298

Chapter 10 He defeats his opponents and grants them amnesty
299-372

LIFE OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUSβίος Φλαυίου Ἰωσήπου

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. Family, education and early manhood of Josephus1-16

Chapter 2 Beginnings of the Jewish revolt against Rome17-42

Chapter 3 Factions among the Galilean rebels43-76

Chapter 4 Josephus as peaceful defender of Galilee 77-100

Chapter 5 Risks run by Josephus, for the sake of justice101-125

Chapter 6 Josephus's intentions are misunderstood126-144

Chapter 7 Josephus forestalls his enemies145-184

Chapter 8 Josephus' strong leadership, in Galilee185-215

Chapter 9 Various plots to depose Josephus216-298

Chapter 10 He defeats his opponents and grants them amnesty299-372

LIFE OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS
βίος Φλαυίου Ἰωσήπου

Chapter 1. Family, education and early manhood of Josephus
1-16

Chapter 2 Beginnings of the Jewish revolt against Rome
17-42

Chapter 3 Factions among the Galilean rebels
43-76

Chapter 5 Risks run by Josephus, for the sake of justice
101-125

Chapter 6 Josephus's intentions are misunderstood
126-144

Chapter 7 Josephus forestalls his enemies
145-184

Chapter 8 Josephus' strong leadership, in Galilee
185-215

Chapter 9 Various plots to depose Josephus
216-298

Chapter 10 He defeats his opponents and grants them amnesty
299-372