LESSON 30
PRONOUNS

Greek	Meaning	Notes
ἀκολουθέω	I follow
αἰτέω	I ask
δοκέω	I think, seem
ἐρωτάω	I ask, request
ἐπερωτάω	I ask (a question)
μαρτυρέω	I testify	Cognate: martyr
προσκυνέω	I worship
πληρόω	I fill, fulfill
ἀλλήλων	of one another
τὸ ὑπάρχοντα	one's belongings
τίς, τί	who? what?
τις, τι	someone, something, a certain one, a certain thing
ἐὰν μή	unless

Relative pronoun

1. The relative pronoun: ὅς (who, which, that, as in The man who sleeps in class won’t learn.)

	Singular			Plural
	Masc	Fem	Neut	Masc	Fem	Neut
Nom	ὅς	ἥ	ὅ	οἵ	αἵ	ἅ
Gen	οὗ	ἧς	οὗ	ὧν	ὧν	ὧν
Dat	ᾧ	ᾗ	ᾧ	οἷς	αἷς	οἷς
Acc	ὅν	ἥν	ὅ	οὕς	ἅς	ἅ

2. The relative pronoun is used to relate one substantive to another.
   1. A substantive is a word or expression that is a noun or acts like a noun
3. A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case is determined by its function in its clause.
4. ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὃς εἶδε τὸν κύριόν ἐστιν νῦν ἀπόστολος.
   The man who saw the lord is now an apostle.
   1. The pronoun ὃς is masculine and singular to agree with ἄνθρωπος "man"
   2. but it is nominative because it is the subject of εἶδε "saw."
5. ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὃν εἶδες ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως.
   The man whom you saw came out of the city.
   1. The pronoun is masculine and singular
   2. but it is accusative as the direct object of εἶδες "you saw" even though "man" is in the nominative case.
6. Often a relative pronoun is so closely related to its antecedent that it is attracted to the case of the antecedent.
   1. In other words, it takes the case form of the antecedent even though it retains is own case function.
   2. ὃς ἂν πίῃ ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος οὗ ἐγὼ δώσω αὐτῷ Whoever drinks of the water which I shall give him.
   3. The relative pronoun "which" should have been in the accusative case, but it is so close to the genitive case of "water" that it took its case.
7. Sometimes the antecedent of a relative pronoun is not expressed.
   1. ὃς οὐκ ἔστιν καθʼ ὑμῶν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐστιν.
   2. There is no antecedent for ὃς
   3. Translate it as: He who is not against you is for you.

Interogative pronoun

1. The interrogative pronoun τίς Who? What?

	Singular		Plural
	M & F	N	M & F	N
Nom	τίς	τί	τίνες	τίνα
Gen	τίνος	τίνος	τίνων	τίνων
Dat	τίνι	τίνι	τίσι (ν)	τίσι (ν)
Acc	τίνα	τί	τίσας	τίνα

2. Notes:
   1. This pronoun introduces a direct or indirect question.
   2. The acute accent never changes to a grave accent
   3. τίς εἶ; Who are you? (a direct question)
   4. τί λέγει; What is he saying? (a direct question)
   5. οὐ τί ἐγὼ θέλω, ἀλλὰ τί σύ Not what I wish but what you (wish). (an indirect question)
   6. οἶδά σε τίς εἶ I know you who you are. (an indirect question)

Indefinite pronoun τις, τι

1. The forms of the indefinite pronoun are exactly the same as those of the interrogative pronoun except for the accent.
   1. Either the accent will be missing or it will be grave.
   2. It will never be an acute.
2. It is translated: someone, something, a certain one, a certain thing.
3. ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἄνωθεν – unless someone is born from above.
4. εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν εἰσῆλθέ τις – into the church came a certain man.

The indefinite relative pronoun ὅστις, who

1. This pronoun is a combination of the relative pronoun ὅς and the indefinite pronoun τις
2. In the New Testament, it is found only in the nominative case
3. Singular: ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅτι
4. Plural: οἵτινες αἵτινες, ἅτινα
5. There is a qualitiative sense to the use of the word, but can be translated "who"

Reciprocal pronoun ἀλλήλων, each other

1. In the New Testament, it appears only as Genitive, Dative, and Accusative plural forms. ἀλλήλων, ἀλλήλοις, ἀλλήλους.
2. The word expresses an interchange between the members of the group
3. ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους -- let us love one another.
4. ἐξεκαύθησαν ἐν τῇ ὀρέξει αὐτῶν εἰς ἀλλήλους – they burned in their lust for one another

Reflexive pronoun

First Person, myself

	Singular		Plural
Gen	έμαυτοῦ	ἐμαυτῆς	ἑαυτῶν	ἑαυτῶν
Dat	ἐμαυτῷ	ἐμαυτῇ	ἑαυτοῖς	ἑαυταῖς
Acc	ἐμαυτόν	ἐμαυτήν	ἑαυτούς	ἑαυτάς

Second Person, yourself

	Singular		Plural
Gen	σεαυτοῦ	σεαυτῆς	ἑαυτῶν	ἑαυτῶν
Dat	σεαυτῷ	σεαυτῇ	ἑαυτοῖς	ἑαυταῖς
Acc	σεαυτόν	σεαυτήν	ἑαυτούς	ἑαυτάς

Third person: himself, herself, itself

	Singular
	Masc	Fem	Neut
Gen	ἑαυτοῦ	ἑαυτῆς	ἑαυτοῦ
Dat	ἑαυτῷ	ἑαυτῇ	ἑαυτῷ
Acc	ἑαυτόν	ἑαυτήν	ἑαυτό

Third person: themselves

	Plural
	Masc	Fem	Neut
Gen	ἑαυτῶν	ἑαυτῶν	ἑαυτῶν
Dat	ἑαυτοῖς	ἑαυταῖς	ἑαυτοῖς
Acc	ἑαυτούς	ἑαυτάς	ἑαυτά

1. There is no Nominative case in the reciprocal pronouns
2. Note that the plural forms for the third person are the same as for the first and second person.
3. The use of the reciprocal idea is found in the intensive use of the pronoun αὐτὸς which we studied in a previous lesson.
4. In that earlier lesson, we learned that if αὐτὸς is not in the attributive position (i.e., no "the" in front of it) and is in the Nominative case, then it is to be translated self or selves as an intensive of the subject.
5. Now we come to the reflexive pronoun which seems to be similar.

Intensive use of αὐτός	Reflexive Pronoun
αὐτὸς ἀκοὺω τὸν λόγον	ἀκοὺω ἐμαυτόν
I myself hear the word	I hear myself
intensifies the subject	reflects the action back to the subject
is part of the complete subject	is part of the complete predicate
is always nominative	is never nominative

6. The function of the reflexive pronoun expresses action of the subject upon itself
7. οὐ γὰρ ἑαυτοὺς κηρύσσομεν -- For we preach not ourselves
8. λέγω ταῦτα περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ – I say these things concerning myself.

The possessive pronouns or adjectives

First person ἐμός, my

	Singular			Plural
	Masc	Fem	Neut	Masc	Fem	Neut
Nom	ἐμός	ἐμή	ἐμόν	ἐμοί	ἐμαί	ἐμά
Gen	ἐμοῦ	ἐμῆς	ἐμοῦ	ἐμῶν	ἐμῶν	ἐμῶν
Dat	ἐμῷ	ἐμῇ	ἐμῷ	ἐμοῖς	ἐμαῖς	ἐμοῖς
Acc	ἐμόν	ἐμήν	ἐμόν	ἐμούς	ἐμάς	ἐμά

Second person singular σός, your (thy)

	Singular			Plural
	Masc	Fem	Neut	Masc	Fem	Neut
Nom	σός	σή	σόν	σοί	σαί	σά
Gen	σοῦ	σῆς	σοῦ	σῶν	σῶν	σῶν
Dat	σῷ	σῇ	σῷ	σοῖς	σαῖς	σοῖς
Acc	σόν	σήν	σόν	σούς	σάς	σά

Third person singular ἴδιος, his/her/its

	Singular			Plural
	Masc	Fem	Neut	Masc	Fem	Neut
Nom	ἴδιος	ἰδία	ἴδιον	ἴδιοι	ἴδιαι	ἴδια
Gen	ἰδίου	ἰδίας	ἰδίου	ίδίων	ίδίων	ίδίων
Dat	ἰδίῳ	ἰδίᾳ	ἰδίῳ	ἰδίοις	ἰδίαις	ἰδίοις
Acc	ἴδιον	ἰδίαν	ἴδιον	ἰδίους	ἰδίας	ἴδια

The negative pronouns

1. οὐδείς = no one, used with indicative mode
2. μηδείς = no one, used with other modes than the indicative
3. There is only the singular, not plural
4. The pattern for μηδείς is similar to οὐδείς

	Masc	Fem	Neut
Nom	οὐδείς	οὐδεμία	οὐδέν
Gen	οὐδενός	οὐδεμιᾶς	οὐδενός
Dat	οὐδενί	οὐδεμιᾷ	οὐδενί
Acc	οὐδένα	οὐδεμίαν	οὐδέν

5. οὐδεὶς ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸν πατέρα εἰ μὴ διʼ ἐμοῦ.
   No one comes to the Father except [lit. if not] through me.
6. μηδεὶς πλανάτω ὑμᾶς.
   Let no one deceive you !

Distinguish the following similar words

1. ἡ = the (fem)
2. ἥ = relative pronoun who (fem) nominative
3. ᾗ = relative pronoun in whom (fem) Dative
4. ἤ = or
5. ἤ = than
6. ἤ + πριν = before
7. ἦ = he may be

Translate the following:

1. Ὃ ἦν ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς, ὃ ἀκηκόαμεν, ὃ ἑωράκαμεν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ἡμῶν, ὃ ἐθεασάμεθα καὶ αἱ χεῖρες ἡμῶν ἐψηλάφησαν περὶ τοῦ λόγου τῆς ζωῆς —
2. καὶ ἡ ζωὴ ἐφανερώθη, καὶ ἑωράκαμεν καὶ μαρτυροῦμεν καὶ ἀπαγγέλλομεν ὑμῖν τὴν ζωὴν τὴν αἰώνιον ἥτις ἦν πρὸς τὸν πατέρα καὶ ἐφανερώθη ἡμῖν —
3. ὃ ἑωράκαμεν καὶ ἀκηκόαμεν, ἀπαγγέλλομεν καὶ ὑμῖν, ἵνα καὶ ὑμεῖς κοινωνίαν ἔχητε μεθ’ ἡμῶν. καὶ ἡ κοινωνία δὲ ἡ ἡμετέρα μετὰ τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ μετὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ.
4. καὶ ταῦτα γράφομεν ἡμεῖς, ἵνα ἡ χαρὰ ἡμῶν ᾖ πεπληρωμένη.
5. καὶ ἔστιν αὕτη ἡ ἀγγελία ἣν ἀκηκόαμεν ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀναγγέλλομεν ὑμῖν, ὅτι ὁ θεὸς φῶς ἐστιν καὶ σκοτία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδεμία.
6. Ἐὰν εἴπωμεν ὅτι κοινωνίαν ἔχομεν μετ’ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν τῷ σκότει περιπατῶμεν, ψευδόμεθα καὶ οὐ ποιοῦμεν τὴν ἀλήθειαν·
7. ἐὰν δὲ ἐν τῷ φωτὶ περιπατῶμεν ὡς αὐτός ἐστιν ἐν τῷ φωτί, κοινωνίαν ἔχομεν μετ’ ἀλλήλων καὶ τὸ αἷμα Ἰησοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ καθαρίζει ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἁμαρτίας.
8. ἐὰν εἴπωμεν ὅτι ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἔχομεν, ἑαυτοὺς πλανῶμεν καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν ἡμῖν.
9. ἐὰν ὁμολογῶμεν τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν, πιστός ἐστιν καὶ δίκαιος, ἵνα ἀφῇ ἡμῖν τὰς ἁμαρτίας καὶ καθαρίσῃ ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀδικίας.
10. ἐὰν εἴπωμεν ὅτι οὐχ ἡμαρτήκαμεν, ψεύστην ποιοῦμεν αὐτὸν καὶ ὁ λόγος αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν ἡμῖν.