top Lesson 26
GreekMeaningNotes
ἀκήκοαI have heardPerfect Active of ἀκούω
βεβάπτισμαιI have been baptizedPerfect Passive of βαπτίζω
γέγοναI have becomePerfect Active of γίνομαι
γέγραφαI have writtenPerfect Active of γράφω
ἐγήγερμαιI have been risenPerfect Passive of ἐγείρω
ἔγνωκαI have knownPerfect Active of γινώσκω
ἐλήλυκαI have comePerfect Active of ἔρχομαι
ἑώρακαI have seenPerfect Active of ὁράω
λέλυκαI have loosedPerfect Active of λύω
πεπίστευκαI have believedPerfect Active of πιστεύω
πέποιθαI have persuadedPerfect Active of πείθω
πέπονθαI have sufferedPerfect Active of πάσχω
πέφευγαI have fledPerfect of φεύγω
σέσωσμαιI have been savedPerfect Passive of σώζω

Patterns of the Perfect Tense

Perfect Active Indicative of λύω
Singular
 FormMeaning
1stλέλυκαI have loosed
2ndλέλυκαςyous have loosed
3rdλέλυκε (ν)he/she/it has loosed
Plural
 FormMeaning
1stλελύκαμενwe have loosed
2ndλελύκατεyoup have loosed
3rdλελύκασι
(or λέλυκαν)		they have loosed


Perfect Middle Indicative of λύω
Singular
 FormMeaning
1stλέλυμαιI have loosed for myself
2ndλέλυσαιyous have loosed for yourself
3rdλέλυταιhe/she/it has loosed for himself
Plural
 FormMeaning
1stλελύμεθαwe have loosed for ourselves
2ndλέλυσθεyoup have loosed for yourselves
3rdλέλυνταιthey have loosed for themselves


Perfect Passive Indicative of λύω (the form is identical to the middle)
Singular
 FormMeaning
1stλέλυμαιI have been loosed
2ndλέλυσαιyous have been loosed
3rdλέλυταιhe/she/it has been loosed
Plural
 FormMeaning
1stλελύμεθαwe have been loosed
2ndλέλυσθεyoup have been loosed
3rdλέλυνταιthey have been loosed


Perfect Active Participle of λύω
Singular
 Masc.Fem.Neut.
NOMλελυκώςλελυκυῖαλελυκός
GENλελυκότοςλελυκυίαςλελυκότος
DATλελυκότιλελυκυίᾳλελυκότι
ACCλελυκόταλελυκυῖανλελυκός
Plural
 Masc.Fem.Neut.
NOMλελυκότεςλελυκυῖαιλελυκότα
GENλελυκότωνλελυκυιῶνλελυκότων
DATλελυκόσι (ν)λελυκυίαιςλελυκόσι (ν)
ACCλελυκόταςλελυκυίαςλελυκότα


Perfect Middle and Passive Participle of λύω
Singular
 Masc.Fem.Neut.
NOMλελυμένοςλελυμένηλελυμένον
GENλελυμένουλελυμένηςλελυμένου
DATλελυμένῳλελυμένῃλελυμένῳ
ACCλελυμένονλελυμένηνλελυμένον
Plural
 Masc.Fem.Neut.
NOMλελυμένοιλελυμέναιλελυμένα
GENλελυμένωνλελυμένωνλελυμένων
DATλελυμένοιςλελυμέναιςλελυμένοις
ACCλελυμένουςλελυμέναςλελυμένα


Perfect infinitives of λύω
Activeλελυκέναιto have loosed
Middleλελύσθαιto have loosed for one’s self
Passiveλελύσθαιto have been loosed


Construction

  1. Reduplication
    1. The Perfect Tense adds reduplication to the front of the stem.
      1. In most instances, this means repeating the initial consonant and puting ε between them.
        1. The Perfect stem of λύω is λελυ-
        2. For γράφω it is γεγραφ-
        3. For γίνομαι it is γεγον-
      2. Verbs stems beginning with φ, θ, or χ
        1. φ adds π in front (φιλέω becomes πεφίληκα)
        2. θ adds τ in front (θνήσκω becomes τέθνηκα)
        3. χ adds κ in front
      3. Verbs stems beginning with a vowel lengthen the vowel.
        1. α becomes η
        2. ε becomes η (ἐλπίζω becomes ἤλπικα)
        3. ο becomes ω
      4. Verb stems beginning with two consonants sometimes reduplicate by prefixing an ε (like a past tense augment).
        1. The stem of γινώσκω is γνω- so the perfect becomes ἔγνωκα
    2. Since there are so many ways to create the perfect form, the fourth principal part is the perfect active stem
  2. The tense sign for the perfect tense is κ.
    1. There are a few perfects which do not use the κ and they are called second perfects.
    2. The perfect of ἀκούω is ἀκήκοα
    3. The perfect of γίνομαι is γέγονα
    4. The primary form involves the κ
  3. When the κ is added to a verb stem that ends in τ, δ, or θ, they drop out before the κ
    1. The stem of ἐλπίζω is έλπιδ-, so the perfect becomes ἤλπικα
  4. The perfect is a primary tense, but it uses secondary personal endings.
    1. The endings are the same as those of the first aorist except in the third person plural form where -κασι is more frequently found than -καν.
  5. In the perfect middle and passive, there is no thematic ο/ε vowel.
    1. In the listing of verbs, the fifth form is the perfect middle

Function

  1. The function of the perfect is different from the other tenses.
  2. The idea of the perfect is completed action with on-going result.
    1. In English, we translate it with the words have/has plus a past tense participle
    2. Example: λέλυκα = I have loosed.
    3. Example: λέλυμαι = I have been loosed
    4. γέγραπται = It has been written but gives the idea that it has been written and it stands written.
    5. ἐγήγερται = he has risen (with the result that he remains risen)
    6. χάριτί ἐστε σεσωσμένοι = by grace you have been saved (with the result that you are still saved)
  3. Some wrong views of theology have developed over Gal. 2:20
    1. Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι
    2. In the King James Version, it is translated I am crucified with Christ
    3. Some have concluded that we are to keep on being crucified with Christ as though the verb is in the present tense.
    4. Since the verb is in the perfect tense, it should read, I have been crucified with Christ with the ongoing result that I am dead

Translate the following:

  1. τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τοῦ νόμου ἐστὶν ἀγαθά.
  2. ὁ προφήτης εὐηγγελίσατο λέγων ὅτι ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἤγγικεν.
  3. ἀκηκόαμεν τὴν ἀλήθειαν καὶ ἐγνώκαμεν ὅτι ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστίν.
  4. γεγόνατε τὰ τέκνα τοῦ θεοῦ.
  5. χάριτί ἐστε σεσωσμένοι διὰ πίστεως.
  6. ἐγὼ ἐλήλυθα ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ πατρός μου καὶ ὑμεῖς οὐ δέχεσθέ με.
  7. πεπιστεύκαμεν καὶ ἐγνώκαμεν ὅτι σὺ εἶ ὁ ἅγιος τοῦ θεοῦ.
  8. ταῦτα εἶπεν ὁ ̓Ιησοῦς πρὸς τοὺς πεπιστευκότας εἰς αὐτόν.
  9. ἤδη τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ἐλήλυθεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον.
  10. οἱ βεβαπτισμένοι μαθηταί εἰσιν ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ.
  11. οἱ μαθηταὶ βεβαπτισμένοι συνῆλθον εἰς τὸν οἶκον.
  12. διὰ τοῦ προφήτου γέγραπται ὅτι ὁ χριστὸς ἐλεύσεται ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ταύταις.
  13. ὁ κύριος ἀπέθανεν, ἀλλὰ νῦν ἐγήγερται.
  14. οἱ ἐξεληλυθότες ἐκ τοῦ σκότους εἰς τὸ φῶς ἔγνωκαν ὅτι ὁ θεός ἐστιν ἀγάπη.
  15. ὁ ̓Ιησοῦς ἀπεκτάνθη, γέγονε δὲ βασιλεὺς τοῦ κόσμου.